CEP 240 Midterm

Michigan State University - Noel Oteto

Education For All Handicapped Children Act

Guarantees students the right to FAPE, LRE, IEP, procedural due process, nondiscriminatory assessment, and parental participation in the decision-making process for their child’s education.

Disability

An inability or incapacity to perform a task or activity in a normative fashion.

Handicap

Difficulties imposed by the environment on a person with a disability.

NCLB

Reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act that mandated annual testing for all students in certain grades to demonstrate adequate yearly progress in mathematics, reading, and science, and there needs to be public access to schools’ performance on tests.

Section 504

This act employs a broader definition of eligibility than IDEA and states that no individual can be excluded, solely because of their disability, from participating in any program or activity receiving federal funding, including schools.

ADA 1990

Civil rights act designed to eliminate discrimination against people with disabilities in the public and private sectors.

Learning Disability

A disability in which there is a discrepancy between a person’s ability and academic achievement; individual possesses average intelligence.

Direct Instruction

A teacher-directed instructional technique used to produce gains in specific academic skills; emphasizes drill and practice along with immediate feedback and reward.

Mnemonic Strategies

A cognitive approach used to assist pupils in remembering material; the use of rhymes, pictures, acronyms, and similar aids to help in recall.

Phonological Awareness

Possible explanation for the reading problems of some students with learning disabilities; difficulty in recognizing the correspondence between specific sounds and certain letters that make up words.

Dyslexia

A severe reading disability; difficulty in understanding the relationship between sounds and letters.

Learned Helplessness

A lack of persistence at tasks that can be mastered; a tendency to expect failure.

Curriculum-Based Measurement

A formative assessment procedure for monitoring student progress in core academic subjects that reflect the local school curriculum.

Attention Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder

A disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity. Frequently observed in individuals with learning disabilities.

Metacognition

The ability to evaluate and monitor one’s own performance.

1. ________ guarantees that all students, regardless of the severity of their disability, will receive a public education that is free and appropriate (“zero reject” philosophy).

FAPE (Free Appropriate Public Education)

1. ________  are an integral part of a special education program if the student requires them and are provided by professionals who may work with students with disabilities.

Related Services

1. _______ describes the concept that curriculum, instruction, and evaluation procedures should be flexibly designed to meet the needs of all students by providing access to learning, not simply access to information.

UDL (Universal Design for Learning)

1. Safeguards are provided including confidentiality of records, parents’ rights for access, rights to an independent evaluation, parents’ right to legal counsel and an impartial hearing regarding disagreements through ____ .

Dual Process

1. Prior to placement, a child must be evaluated in all areas of suspected disability using ______ that consider the child’s culture, race, and language.

Non-Biased Assessment

1. Not a place, but a concept that describes a cascade of service delivery options to consider to provide individuals with disabilities the most access to children without disabilities defines _________ .

LRE (Least Restrictive Environment)

1. _______ uses a variety of assessments, including parent input, to determine if a child has a disability that impacts his/her academic abilities.

Multi-Disciplinary Team

1. ____ is a written contract to provide supports and services to a student with a disability once the student has been found eligible for special education. A team, including the parents, uses the assessment information to develop a plan that will benefit the student in the LRE.

IEP (Individualized Education Plan)

T or F - The definition of the Family Systems Model is: “A model that considers a family as an interrelated social system with unique characteristics and needs

True

T or F - Inclusion is the belief that focuses on educating certain students to reach their potential.

False

T or F - Respite Care refers to the temporary or occasional care of an individual with disabilities by a non-family member.

True

T or F - Bilingualism is the ability to speak two languages

True

T or F - Even though U.S. society is the most racially and ethnically diverse in history, over 80% of the teachers are white and female

True

T or F - Culture shapes the beliefs, attitudes and behaviors of a group of people

True

T or F - Transition is a broad term used to describe the movement of an individual from one educational to another, from one class to another, or from one phase of life to another (high school), to another (independent adulthood)

True

T or F - The emotional responses of children towards siblings with a disability may include resentment, guilt, and fear.

True

T or F - Many professionals now operate under the assumption that the school serve(s) as the primary decision-maker in setting goals and establishing priorities for the student with a disability.

False

T or F - Over history, parents have become less involved in their child’s education

False

Order the following placement options from least to most restrictive. (1-6)

1. General Education

2. Resource Room

3. Separate Class

4. Separate School

5. Residential

6. Hospital

Short Answer #1. What is the difference between norm-referenced assessment, criterion-referenced assessment, authentic assessment, and portfolio assessments?

Norm-Referenced: Compares child to other children in the population. E.g., IQ, Standard Scores, Percentile Ranks, Grade Level Equivalency scores (e.g., child is reading at 3.7---the 7^th month of the 3^rd grade)

Criterion Referenced: A criterion-referenced test is a style of test which uses test scores to generate a statement about the behavior that can be expected of a person with that score. Most tests and quizzes that are written by school teachers can be considered criterion-referenced tests. In this case, the objective is simply to see whether the student has learned the material. For example: I am a 3^rd grade teacher. I want to know if my students can subtract 3 digit by 3 digit numbers that require regrouping---345-276=. So, I develop a worksheet with 10 of this type of problem. I expect a score of 80% or higher to demonstrate mastery of the content. My criterion is 80% accuracy before I move on to the next skill.

Authentic Assessment: Authentic assessment is the measurement of "intellectual accomplishments that are worthwhile, significant, and meaningful," as contrasted with multiple-choice tests. Authentic assessment can be devised by the teacher, or in collaboration with the student by engaging student voice. Some people believe that multiple-choice or true-false tests are not authentic---because they are not found anywhere in the world, except in school! So, whenever possible, it can be helpful to also include “authentic assessment”. So, for example, rather than assessing students on whether students can successfully measure dry ingredients when cooking----we might have the student make an entrée or dessert that is served to real people who then evaluate the success of that item. Or, instead of having students read a chapter and answer the multiple choice questions at the end of the chapter to assess reading comprehension, a teacher might have students complete research on the topic of the chapter and present their research to other students, staff, and parents. This is a more “authentic” and “holistic” form of assessment, rather than narrowing knowledge to that found on a multiple choice test.

Portfolio Assessment: Portfolio Assessment is the collective term for the assessment of a student’s work. This is the assessment of the student’s efforts, progress, and achievements. It can be the examination of the student’s selective works and documents that contributes to the student’s achievement of the academic goals.

Short Answer #2. Define and describe the purposes for RTI? Briefly describe each of the three tiers.

RTI is a framework for organizing assessment and instruction to make sure that ALL students receive evidence-based instruction and where students are afforded tiers of increasing support so no child falls between the cracks. Every student is assessed so that there is data to identify students who may need additional supports from the earliest years.

Special education is considered a “wait to fail” model in the area of Learning Disabilities---students do not qualify normally until Grades 3-5th---and this is TOO LATE---as we have missed critical years to provide basic reading (e.g., letters, sounds, phonics, fluency, vocabulary) or math (counting, adding, subtracting, estimating) skills. In essence, RTI becomes a form of pre-referral team, because multiple interventions are tried PRIOR to a child being referred for special education.

RTI Principles:

Universal Screening (assessment) three times per year to make sure all students are assessed

Data-based decision making: Using data to inform changes in instruction

Progress Monitoring: Students at risk are assessed more frequently and data charted to see if a child is responding to instruction

Tiers of Support: If a child is not responding, they can be moved to receive additional supports and/or a different curriculum or instructional approach (e.g., moving from whole group instruction in Tier 1 to a Computer-Adapted individual instruction in Tier 2 or Direct Instruction with a teacher and just 1 peer in Tier 3).

Evidenced-Based Interventions: Instruction should use programs/curriculum that have shown to be effective in promoting learning through rigorous research

Faculty Buy In: At least 80% of faculty must agree to adopt RTI to be successful

Tier 1: Universal intervention: Whole group instruction; Giving all students an outstanding program of instruction in all academic areas.

Tier 2: Secondary Intervention: Small group instruction; providing additional instruction BEYOND the universal level of intervention---usually 30-45 minutes per day, 3-5 days per week. Secondary intervention may be more TIME (dosage) or may also include ALTERNATIVE instruction or even a different curriculum.

Tier 3: Tertiary Intervention: Usually 1 teacher to 2 or 3 students---very small groups; often includes forms of direct, explicit instruction; the most intense stage due to low teacher-student ratio; Tier 3 is often considered special education in many schools (but not always)

Short Answer #3. List the key members of an IEP Team.

Parent/Guardian

Child’s Teachers: Gen Ed and SPED

A Representative from the school district

An individual able to interpret the instructional implications of the evaluation (Note; often the School Psychologist, but can also include Social Worker, Doctor/Nurse, Physical Therapist)

If appropriate: The student as well as other related services that may be needed.

Parents have a legal right to bring an advocate

Short Answer #4. Briefly describe the purposes of the three types of IEP meeting/monitoring strategies.

• Initial- MET team determines eligibility. If child qualifies, then first IEP is developed with parents and IEP team.

• Annual-The IEP for each child must be reviewed and updated at least annually. The goal is to see whether the student has met Annual Goals and short-term instructional objectives and to make any changes to the IEP based on data or other sources of information

• Three Year Reevaluation-We do not want students to languish in special education if it is not necessary. To protect against this, a comprehensive review to determine continued eligibility every 3 years is required. The Multidisciplinary Evaluation Team is reconvened and completes a comprehensive evaluation to determine if continued special education is still warranted

Short Answer #5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of labeling?

ADVANTAGES: Accurate assessments developed; Funding for research; Individualized instruction might be more accurate when you know common characteristics of a disability; professional associations; professional research and teaching journals can be developed; teacher preparation programs can target training to specific needs; parents and families can create community support groups around knowing they have children with similar disabilities (e.g., Autism Speaks, Capital Area Down Syndrome Association)

DISADVANTAGES: Labels often are from medical model and highlight deficit, rather than strengths (e.g., Learning DISability; Emotional DISorders; Visual Impairment); sometimes deficit terms work their way into common vernacular and can further hurt: “retard”, “blind as a bat”, “you’re an idiot---imbecile---retard”; Labels limit what a whole child is---it speaks to one narrow part of a person by highlighting the deficit, not what they have in common with others; the disability label is made the most important part of the child, rather than all of their other interests, hobbies, passions, and abilities.

Short Answer #6. Name 5 types of related services.

1. School Psychologist

2. School Social Worker

3. Occupational Therapist

4. Physical Therapist

5. Special transportation

Short Answer #7. Define inclusion. How has society's views on including individuals with disabilities changed over time?

Inclusion is a philosophy that seeks to have individuals function with their peers to the maximum extent possible. Inclusion in schools is evident when students are physically in the same location, being educated on the same content, and are able to interact with their typical peers (social inclusion). Inclusion is a philosophy of how people should be treated and is related to equity of access to the benefits of society.

Short Answer #8. What are the purposes of the pre-referral team?

7. Prevent premature referral to special education

8. Support the general education teacher to develop effective strategies

9. Use a collaborative and data-driven model to provide evidenced-based interventions to support students in general education if possible.

Short Answer #9. Give three examples of low-tech assistive technology and three examples of high-tech assistive technology.

Low-tech High-tech

1. pencil grip 1. iPad

2. carpet square to sit on 2. Headsprout Early Reading (Computer Adapted Reading software)

3. Colored Post-It notes for each category 3. PROLOQUO2GO communication software for non-verbal.

Define Self Determination

the notion that every individual should have the right to make decisions about their lives by themselves, not always from others

Define Self Advocacy

when students have the knowledge and ability to explain to others what they need to be most successful as learners, workers, teammates, and communicators. Self-knowledge of one’s disability and accommodations that are most useful for providing access are particularly important to be able to communicate to others.

Define Functional Curriculum

refers to the entire range of skills needed to function as independently as possible. These would include things like personal care, hygiene, dressing, transportation, communication, physical fitness and leisure, hobbies, cooking, shopping, cleaning, doctor/dental care, navigating public transportation, reading signs, reading menus, signing up for unemployment, writing a resume, interviewing skills, banking.

Define Community Based Instruction

The notion that “learning on the job” in the community is one of the best ways to build job skills, including things like being on time, developing stamina to work a complete shift, following directions from authority, working with others, effective communication. Placing people in real work situations to practice key work and independent skills.

Define Functional Academics

functional academics typically refer to the basic reading, writing, mathematical, and speaking skills needed to function independently in society. For example, basic sight word vocabulary, basic math (add, subtract, multiply, divide, fractions, estimating, measurement, geometry), signing your name, writing a letter, signing a check, recognizing basic signs (STOP, Women’s, Men’s, Curve, No Trespassing, Do Not Enter)

Define Scaffolding

Scaffolding is defined as providing only enough support to allow a student to accomplish a skill or strategy that they could not complete independently. Scaffolding is often done through a teacher talking a student through a task—only giving them enough clues to progress on their own toward a goal or providing students with modeling and demonstration of the skill or strategy. For example, a child who is not understanding place value in mathematics----that the second number represents the number of 10s, while the third number represents the number of 100’s. To illustrate this concept of 10’s and 100’s the teacher shows students an array of 10 blocks and then a 10 X 10 cube to show a student 100 blocks. These Base Ten Blocks are then placed on a chart that shows the following columns: 1’s, 10’s, and 100’s. The teacher models different addition and subtraction problems using the base-ten blocks and eventually shows students how to do with with numerical problems without the base ten block scaffolds.

1 teacher instructs while 1 teacher circulates and assists

One Teach, One Support

Split class and both teachers instruct

Parallel Teaching

1 teachers majority of class, 1 remediates students who do not understand

Alternative Teaching

Students rotate between stations with teachers at 2 stations

Station Teaching

Which of the following is a concept of Universal Design for Learning?

Providing Multiple Means of Representation

__________ refers to the impact or consequence of a disability, not the condition

Handicap

__________ is defined as a customized instructional program designed to meet the unique needs

Special Education

An Individualized Education Plan (IEP) is

A written detailed plan developed by a team for each pupil aged 3–21 who receives a special education, a management tool

Transition is

A broad term used to describe the movement of an individual from one educational environment to another, from one class to another, or from one phase of life (high school) to another (independent adulthood)

In __________, the Supreme Court ruled that separate schools for black and white students were inherently unequal, contrary to the Fourteenth Amendment, and thus unconstitutional.

Brown VS the Board of Education (Topeka, Kansas)

Which of the following are TRUE about the referral process to determine whether a child might become eligible for special education services?

All of the Above

True or False. A norm-referenced assessment is a standardized test on which a student’s performance is compared to that of his or her peers.

True

The Americans with Disabilities Act had an impact on the following except:

The elimination of the “Highly Qualified” Teacher Status

Which of the following placements would be the MOST restrictive placement?

Residential Placement

__________ is defined as the attitudes, values, belief systems, norms, and traditions by a particular group of people.

Culture

Which of the following instruction options for students who are bilingual is described here? English language is the exclusive medium of instruction; first language and culture are not incorporated. A “sink or swim” philosophy.

Immersion Program

True or False. Even though U.S. society is the most racially and ethnically diverse in history, over 80% of the teachers are white and female

True

Portfolio Assessment does which of the following:

All of the Above

Cultural Pluralism is

When schools value the richness that diversity brings to the classroom, appreciating and respecting ethnic and cultural differences

Ethnocentrism is..

When a teacher assumes the behaviors, beliefs, and actions of their particular cultural group are the correct and only way of doing something

A teacher in an urban community is the Southwestern United States collects data on his school’s language use. He learns that 44% of the students have arrived from Mexico in the past two years. These students speak Spanish as their first, and often only language. He is a strong believer that students should be taught primarily in their native language (Spanish), and then gradually learn the dominant language (English) of the new culture over time. This is an example of what language teaching philosophy?

Bilingual Education

An English learner who also has an IEP as a student with a disability may receive this type of special education services to capitalize on their culture and home language.

Bilingual Special Education

This condition occurs when the number of minority students in a particular group exceeds that what is expected, given the percentage of students in society. For example, the African-American student population in the United States is currently 13%. However, at Dimondale Elementary school in Philadelphia, the percentage of African-American students identified as having disabilities is 25%. This could be an example of:

Overrepresentation

A requirement of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA): “A federal mandate that assessments be conducted in a culturally responsive fashion”.

What best describes what “stage theory” mean in relations to families who have a child with a disability?

A hypothesized pattern of a family’s reaction to the news that their child has a disability

Providing families with culturally sensitive services should include all of the following except:

Giving attention to the church in understanding culturally relevant variable

Professionals who are attentive to family members’ feelings as well as the verbal message being communicating are displaying __________.

Active Listening

What should professionals NOT do when working with culturally diverse parents?

Believe that all people in that group behave the same

When a married couple has a child with a disability:

Investigators have found no difference in divorce rate between families with and without children with disabilities

The involvement of families can have a beneficial effect on school life, which include all but which of the following?

Political Climate of the Community

The definition of the Family Systems Model is: “A model that considers a family as an interrelated social system with unique characteristics and needs”

True

Family Functions Are:

Interrelated activities found within a family systems model; functions range from affection to economics to socialization, among other variables

The hypothesized pattern of parents’ reaction to the news that their child has a disability is called:

According to IDEA 2004, assistive technology refers to “any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially off the shelf, modified, or customized, that is used to

ncrease, maintain, or improve the functional capabilities of a child with a disability

When choosing an app for student use, teachers should___________

Consider using an app evaluation rubric to support use of the app

__________ is the study and practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing technological processes and resources.

Educational Technology

The 1997 reauthorization of IDEA mandated that:

The IEP team considers assistive technology for all students with disabilities

Which of the following is NOT an example of a low-tech device?

Ipad

When IEP teams are making assistive technology decisions, they should consider all of the following except:

Providing students solely with high-tech devices/tools

A person trained to provide assistive technology services to persons with a disability is:

Assistive Technology Specialist

Symbols, aids, strategies and techniques used as a supplement or replacement for oral language

Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)

A student with severe dyslexia is allowed to use a text-reading software through her MacPro laptop computer with headphones. All educational texts are digitally available and can be read. However, the teacher only allows this student to use the technology. As a result, this student experiences “undesired negative attention due to using assistive technology” by her peers in the class. This is an example of:

Stigmitization

A general education teacher feels strongly that every student, regardless of whether they have a disability, should have curriculum materials, instructional activities, and evaluation procedures that can meet the needs of learners with widely varying abilities and backgrounds. This teacher is teaching from what perspective?

UDL (universal design for learning)

Which of the following skills is NOT considered an adaptive behavior?

Absentmindedness

Although IQ testing is common in schools, the issue of assessing someone’s intelligence, especially if a special education placement may result, is somewhat controversial. Cautionary flags and reasons for concern tend to focus on __________.

All of the Above

Which of the following is an example of a postnatal cause of intellectual disability?

Lead Poisoning

A child who has adopted a stance of “learned helplessness” might be inclined to say:

No matter how hard I try, I won’t be successful

Cooperative learning _______________

Contributes to student achievement, enhances self-esteem for students with disabilities, and canincrease acceptance and understanding of children with disabilities

What are the two critical components in determining whether and individual has an intellectual disability?

IQ test and assessment of Adaptive Behavior

Another term for “cause of disability” is:

Etiology