animal path exam 1 pt 2

Plasma membrane

A selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

Cytoplasm (cytosol)

Portion of the cell inside the plasma membrane and outside the nuclear envelope

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Nucleolus

Non-membrane bound structure within the nucleus that can be inactive in cells with high protein production

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Membrane bound network continuous with outer nuclear membrane

What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Protein synthesis

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Lysosomes

An organelle containing digestive enzymes

Cellular inclusions

Composed of molecules that accumulate as metabolic by-products or as a result of cell injury

Cells respond to injury involving different ways

Reversible and irreversible pathways

Reversible pathways

Degenerative response, adaptive response

Irreversible pathways

Death response

Mechanisms of cell injury

ATP depletion, membrane damage, metabolic disturbance, and genetic damage

Common cause of cell injury

Hypoxia, physical agents, infectious agents, nutritional imbalances, genetic derangement, chemicals, drugs, toxins, immunological dysfunction

Most common and important cause of cell injury

Hypoxia (oxygen deficiency)

Initial response to injury whether reversible or irreversible

acute cell swelling

Hypertrophy

Increase in cell size

Hyperplasia

Increase in cell number

Dysplasia

Abnormal development

Atrophy

Decrease in cell size

Cell death occurs through one of two processes

Necrosis and apoptosis

Necrosis typically involves

Group or zones of cells

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death

Autolysis

Process of postmortem decomposition

Endothelium

Single layer of cells lining blood vessels

Endothelial activation occurs by events like

Oxidative stress, hypoxia, inflammation, infectious agents, tissue injury

Cappillaries

Smallest blood vessels

Continuous capillaries

Tight control of muscle transfer

fenestrated capillaries

Have small pores from selective filtration

Discontinuous capillaries

Have large gaps for mass transfer

Edema

Pathological accumulation of excess interstitial fluid

Mechanisms for edema formation

Increased microvascular permeability, increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure, decreased intravascular osmotic pressure, decreased lymphatic drainage

Increased microvascular permeability is caused by

Inflammation or immune response

Localized release of mediators cause vasodilation

Histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes, substance p

Increase intravascular hydrostatic pressure is caused by

Increased blood volume in the microvasculature

Decreased intravascular osmotic pressure is caused by

Decreased concentration of plasma proteins (mainly albumin)

Hypoalbuminemia

Low levels of albumin in the blood

Pitting edema

Edema that retains an imprint when touched

Morphology of edema

Clear to slightly yellow fluid which expands and thick’s the interstitium

hemostatis

Stoppage of bleeding

Hemo

Blood

Stasis

Stop

Following vascular injury primary hemostasis and

Secondary Hemostasis

Primary hemostasis

Transient vasoconstriction and platelet gratin and injury site

Secondary hemostasis

Coagulation activated to form mesh work of fibrin at injury site

Hermorrhage

Abnormal blood loss

Thrombus

A blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein

What increases the risk of thrombosis

Abnormal blood flow

Hyperemia

Increased blood flow

Passive congestion

Passive engorgement of a vascular bed

Ischemia

Lack of blood flow

Infarction

Area of dead tissue

Shock

A state of inadequate blood flow to peripheral tissues

Hypovemic shock

Loss of intravascular volume: hemorrhage, sever dehydration, trauma

Distributive shock

blood maldistributuon, sepsis, obstruction, anaphylactic reaction

Cardiogenic shock

Failure of the cardiac pump due to cardiac arrhythmia, heart failure, pulmonary embolism

Structure

Arrangement of parts in an organism

Lesion

Structural abnormality in a tissue or organ

Lesions are either

Macroscopic or microscopic

Histopathology

Microscopic examination of tissues

Cytology

Microscopic study of cells

Itis

Inflammation

Opathy

Disease

Osis

Condition of

Omegaly

Enlargement of tissues or organs

Ectasis

Dilation or dissension of an organ

Penia

Deficiency

Plasia

Formation or growth

Genesis

Beginning or origin

Cele

Hernia or swelling

Oma

Tumor

Clinical diagnosis

Based mainly on signalment

Morphologic diagnosis

Diagnosis based on interpretation of lesions

Differential diagnosis

A list of potential diagnosis compiled early in the assessment of the patient

Definitive diagnosis

Specific disease or condition causing lesions or illness

Eitiologic diagnosis

Emphasizes the cause rather than the morphologic features

Pattern recognition

Looking for similarities among and within problems

Lesions is the

Pathological term for a structural abnormality of a tissue or organ

Macroscopic is the

Medical term to describe a lesion or structure that is large enough to be seen with the naked eye

Histopathology is the

Microscopic examination of tissues

Cellular inclusions are

Cellular structures composed of molecules that acculturate as metabolic by-products or as a result of cell injury

Potential causes of cellular injury

Genetic derangement; infectious agents; nutritional imbalances; physical agents; oxygen deficiency (hypoxia)

Which is not one of the mechanism of cell injury

Cellular membrane growth

What is the most common cause of cellular injury

Oxygen deficiency (hypoxia)

Which is not true of acute cellular swelling

It only occurs with reversible cell injury

Hypertrophy is a cellular

Adaption to injury involving an increasing cellular size

Edema is a pathological accumulation of excess interstitial fluid

In tissues