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G₁ Phase (Gap 1)
Cell grows, produces organelles and proteins, and prepares for DNA replication; first checkpoint occurs.
S Phase (Synthesis)
DNA is replicated; chromosomes are duplicated; centrosomes also duplicate.
G₂ Phase (Gap 2)
Cell continues to grow, checks for DNA replication errors, and prepares for mitosis; final checkpoint before division.
Prophase
Chromosomes condense, mitotic spindle begins forming, and nuclear membrane starts to break down.
Prometaphase
Nuclear envelope completely breaks down; spindle fibers attach to kinetochores on chromosomes.
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate (center of the cell).
Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase
Chromosomes decondense; new nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes.
Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm divides; forms cleavage furrow in animal cells or cell plate in plant cells.