Unit 5 - Mental and Physical Health

Health Psych

Addresses physical being and illness

Stress

Associated with hypertension, headaches, immune suppression

Distress

Stress that is negative or damaging

Eustress

Stress that is positive or motivating

Tend and Befriend Theory of Stress

Some people cope by tending their own needs/others needs; seek connections with people

General Adaptation Syndrome

Three phases of a stress response (alarm, resistance, exhaustion)

Alarm

Temp. shock, fight/flight/freeze

Resistance

Immune system enhanced, coping

Exhaustion

Body gives up, most likely to get sick

Problem-focused coping

Solving or doing something to alter the course of stress (ex: to do list)

Emotion-focused coping

Managing emotions when stressed (ex: meditation)

Positive Psych

Researches factors leading to better well-being, resilience, positive emotions, psych health

Gratitude

Experiencing and expressing gratitude increases well-being

6 Virtues

Wisdom (learning), courage (bravery), humanity (love), justice (teamwork), temperance (humility), transcendence (gratitude)

Posttraumatic Growth

Experiencing trauma can result in growth and resilience

Biopsychosocial

Combines bio, psych, and sociocultural factors

Diathesis-Stress Model

Individual has a genetic predisposition, disease must be “turned-on” by environmental stimuli

Eclectic

Most people use more than one perspective

Abnormal Behavior

Based on a level of dysfunction; perception of distress; deviation from social norms

DSM & ICM

Lists of behaviors needed for diagnosis; used for diagnostic labels

Neurodevelopment Disorders

Inappropriate behaviors for age/maturity — usual onset in childhood

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity (ADHD)

Inattention impacting ability to function academically/socially; hyperactivity/impulsivity

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Impairment in social relationships/communication & repetitive behaviors

Anorexia Nervosa

Weight loss of at least 15% ideal weight, distorted body image, major calorie restriction, excessive exercise

Bulimia Nervosa

Usually normal body weight, go through a binge-purge eating pattern

Major Depressive Disorder

Extreme sadness and despair, apathy towards life

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Long term “less severe” depression

Mania

Heightened mood, risky behaviors, fast talking, flights of ideas

Bipolar I

Manic episodes, usually full depressive episodes

Bipolar II

Hypomanic episodes, full depressive episodes

Acute Schizophrenia

Severe episodes with normal functioning in-between

Chronic Schizophrenia

Repeated episodes with decreased functioning

Positive Symptoms

Something was added

Hallucinations

Sensory experiences without sensory stimulation

Delusions

False beliefs (persecution: people are out to get them; grandeur: I am God)

Disorganized Thinking/Speech

Word salads: string together sentences in nonsensical ways

Disorganized Motor Behavior (positive)

Excited Catatonia — sudden/unpredictable movement

Negative Symptoms

Something taken away

Flat affect

Lack ability to show emotions

Disorganized Motor Behavior (negative)

Catatonic stupor — become frozen/unmoving over periods of time

Phobia

Irrational fear that disrupts your life

Acrophobia

Fear of heights

Arachnophobia

Fear of spiders

Agoraphobia

Fear of specific social situations

Panic Disorder

Frequent and sudden panic attacks — unanticipated and overwhelming biological, psychological, and cognitive experiences of fear/anxiety

Ataque de Nervios

Uncontrollable screaming, shouting, crying associated with a stressful event (Caribbean)

Social Anxiety Disorder

Intense fear of being judged, criticized, watched by others

Taijin Kyofusho

People fear others are judging their bodies as undesirable, offensive, or unpleasing (Japan)

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Person is generally anxious all the time

Dissociative Amnesia

Inability to remember parts of the past as a result of trauma (fugue: person takes on a whole new life and personality in a new place without memory of the previous one)

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Formerly multiple personality disorder — person fractures into several distinct personalities

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Person is overwhelmed with persistent and unwanted thoughts (obsessions) which can cause intrusive repetitive behaviors (compulsions)

Hoarding

Compelled to accumulate and keep things

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Flashbacks, hypervigilance, severe anxiety, insomnia, emotional detachment, hostility

Personality Disorders

Marked by disruptive, inflexible, enduring behavior patterns

Cluster A

Odd/eccentric

Paranoid

Distrust/suspicious about people’s motives

Schizoid

No interest in relationships, lack emotions, similar to negative emotions of schizophrenia

Schizotypal

Discomfort with social interactions, extremely superstitious, delusion thinking, unusual speech — similar to positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Cluster B

Dramatic, emotional, erratic

Antisocial

“Anti-society” — disregard for others, manipulative, breaks laws

Borderline

Instable interpersonal relationships and self image

Histrionic

Excessive emotionality and attention seeking

Narcissistic

Need for admiration and lack of empathy

Cluster C

Anxious and fearful

Avoidant

Severe social anxiety, feel inadequate, with a strong want for intimacy

Dependent

Helpless, submissive, need to be taken care of and for constant reassurance, can’t make decisions for self

Obsessive-Compulsive

Preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, control

Nonmaleficience

Do no harm

Fidelity

Uphold high standard for you and other therapists

Integrity

Don’t deceive, misrepresent, be honest about your abilities

Deinstitutionalization

Release of large amount of people from asylums due to better medications

Decentralization

Combo of meds and therapy, minimize hospitalization

Psychodynamic Perspective

Trying to uncover the unconscious

Free Association

Say aloud anything that comes to mind unprompted

Dream Interpretation

Analyze hidden meaning in dreams

Biological Perspective

Treatment with medicine and psychosurgery

Anti-psychotics

Decrease dopamine

Tardive Dyskinesia

Hand tremors (due to lack of dopamine)

Anti-depressants

Increase serotonin and/or norepinephrine through reuptake inhibition

Anti-Anxiety Drugs

Increase GABA

Lithium

“Mood stabilizer” for bipolar

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Send electricity to induce minor seizures. Used to treat depression. “Reboots” brain

Psychosurgery — Lobotomy

Frontal lobe is surgically destroyed. Used to treat depression or violent individuals

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Targeted magnetic fields to stimulate brain activity. Treats depression (safer than ECT)

Humanistic Perspective

Focus on person

Person-Centered Therapy

Encourage client to discover own solutions and understanding self through active listening & unconditional positive regard

Cognitive Perspective

Fixes negative thinking

Cognitive Triad

Negative views about self, world, and future

Cognitive Restructuring

Learn to identify disordered thinking and change it

Behavioral Perspective

Applied behavioral analysis — applies classical/operant conditioning to fix behaviors

Systematic Desensitization

Associate a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety triggered stimuli

Aversive Conditioning

Associate an unpleasant experience with an unwanted behavior

Biofeedback

Receive feedback on heart rate, blood pressure, learning to control it to help with anxiety and depression

Token Economies

Use behavior modification (reward good behaviors with token reinforcers to be exchanged)

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

Talk therapy, adapted for intense emotions, help people understand how thoughts affect emotions and behaviors

Rational-Emotive Therapy

Identify unhealthy thought/behavior patterns and replace with new

Group Therapy

Therapy with a group — gives diverse perspectives, supportive environment with like people — lacks individual care

Hypnosis

Used for pain control and anxiety — does not retrieve memories or cause regression