Academic Paraphrasing, Summarizing, and Reporting Verbs

Vocabulary flashcards covering academic claim verbs, general flows, paraphrasing techniques, and rules and steps for summary writing based on the lecture material.

Medium Claim

A claim made when a researcher thinks something is true, but an element of doubt or guesswork still remains.

Anticipate

To regard something as likely to happen in the future.

Presume

To suppose something on the basis of probability.

Assume

To suppose something without any real proof.

Insinuate

To suggest something indirectly, often due to a lack of evidence to make a direct statement.

Speculate

To express ideas without sufficient evidence, ranging from a guess to a reasonable deduction.

Signposts

Words or phrases such as "Firstly," "Secondly," or "Additionally" that clearly introduce main ideas.

Linear Progression

A text structure that moves from the big picture to related ideas.

Parallelism

A text structure in which separate ideas point to the overall theme.

Nominalization

A paraphrasing technique that involves transforming a verb into a noun.

Minor Points

Detailed examples and figures that are usually unnecessary in summaries, except in descriptions of a process where details of each step are essential.

Paraphrasing Alterations

Techniques used to rephrase text, including changes in vocabulary, word class, word order, grammatical structures, generalization of word lists, and the use of more concise words.

Summary Writing Step 1

Identify the overall idea and divide it into smaller sections if needed for easier analysis, taking note of idea organization such as cause-effect or problem-solution.

Summary Writing Step 2

Jot down main ideas, underline words to paraphrase, prepare a list of synonyms, diversify sentence structures, and write succinctly.

Summary Writing Step 3

Double-check the work, keep in mind the word limit, and shorten unnecessary parts.

Example 2 Paraphrasing Annotations

An example illustrating paraphrasing methods, such as using synonyms (educational tools, perform, hamper), generalizing a word list (in-class activities), and altering grammatical structure.

General Rules and Writing Steps Summary

A reference overview specifying general rules for summary writing (main points, single paragraph, no personal opinions) and accuracy checks alongside the 3-step writing process.