Pathology and Medical Conditions— PTA 100 Final Exam

What is bursitis?

Inflammation of a bursa

What is tendinitis?

Inflammation of a tendon

What is tendinosis?

Degenerative tendon changes caused by overuse

What is nerve entrapment?

Pressure on a nerve causing tingling, pain, and/or weakness

What is a ligament sprain?

Overstretched ligament fibers that may tear

What is a muscle strain?

Muscle fibers torn by sudden contraction or excessive stretch

What are common results of musculoskeletal dysfunction?

Pain, stiffness, edema, weakness/fatigue, and loss of ROM

What is chronic pain?

Pain lasting months or longer after injury or due to illness

What is a cerebrovascular accident (CVA/stroke)?

Disruption of blood flow in the brain

What causes an ischemic stroke?

A clot obstructs a blood vessel

What causes a hemorrhagic stroke?

A weakened blood vessel bursts and bleeds

What is a common motor effect of stroke?

Hemiparesis on the opposite side

What is tPA used for after an ischemic stroke?

Can halt or reverse ischemia if given within 3-4.5 hours

What is a traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

Altered brain function/pathology caused by external force

What is multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Demyelination that disrupts nerve-message conduction

What is the most common form of MS?

Relapsing/remitting

What are the classic three symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

Tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia

What is bradykinesia?

Slowness of movement

What causes Parkinson's symptoms?

Dopamine deficiency

What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

Rapidly progressive degeneration of motor nerve cells

What is ventilation?

Exchange of air between atmosphere and lungs

What is respiration?

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the cellular level

What is ischemia?

Inadequate tissue oxygenation from insufficient blood flow

What does coronary heart disease (CHD) cause?

Angina (chest pain)

What causes a myocardial infarction (MI)?

A clot blocks blood flow to the heart

What is congestive heart failure (CHF)?

Heart muscle is too weak to pump blood efficiently

In right-sided heart failure, where does fluid back up?

Periphery

In left-sided heart failure, where does fluid back up?

Lungs

What is obstructive lung disease?

Abnormal airflow through the bronchial tubes

What is restrictive lung disease?

Reduced lung volume and decreased ability of lungs to expand

What does COPD stand for?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

What happens during the inflammatory phase of wound healing?

Inflammation begins the healing process

What happens during the proliferative phase of wound healing?

New collagen, angiogenesis, and wound contraction

What happens during the maturation/remodeling phase?

Collagen reorganizes and the scar matures

What characterizes an arterial wound?

Deep, pale, little exudate, severe pain

What happens to arterial-wound pain with elevation?

Pain increases

What characterizes a venous wound?

Shallow, red/pink, with exudate and edema

What happens to venous-wound pain with elevation?

Pain decreases

Where are neuropathic ulcers usually found?

Plantar foot at pressure points/bony prominences

Why are neuropathic ulcers often painless?

Loss of sensation

Pressure ulcer Stage I?

Nonblanchable erythema of intact skin

Pressure ulcer Stage II?

Partial-thickness skin loss; superficial

Pressure ulcer Stage III?

Full-thickness loss into subcutaneous tissue

Pressure ulcer Stage IV?

Full-thickness loss with destruction involving bone, muscle, or supporting structures