AERO Pumped and Dumped (NIFE 2025)

According to General Gas Law, if pressure remains constant, what is the relationship between temperature and density?

Temperature and Density are inversely related if Pressure remains constant

What are some characteristics of Maximum Endurance?

(ie: Where does minimum fuel flow occur on Power Curve, region of command, & is velocity more or less than L/D Max)

Minimum fuel flow occurs at the bottom of the power curve

Starts at Region of Reverse Command and left on the power curve chart

Found at velocity less than L/D Max

Which cruise performance defines how long (time) you can go with a given amount of fuel?

Maximum Endurance

____________ defines how far (distance) you can go with a given amount of fuel

Maximum Range

What are some characteristics of Maximum Range?

(ie: Speed compared to maximum endurance? Minimize fuel flow per unit of _____, Found where on the power curve?)

Faster than Max Endurance

Minimize fuel flow per unit of velocity

Found @ L/DMAX AOA & Velocity on the Power Curve

Lowest Total Drag (L/DMAX AOA)

What are some facts about L/D Max and L/DMAX AOA?

Bottom of total drag curve, producing the lowest total drag

Any movement away from this will increase drag

Most efficient angle of attack for the airfoil (wing); not the engine

Di and Dp are equal

Greatest ratio of lift to drag

T/F: L/DMAX AOA is the maximum amount of lift that can be produced

False, it is the most efficient AOA or Greatest Ratio of Lift to Drag

Which type of drag(s) affect the plane at velocities below and above L/DMAX?

At velocities below L/DMAX, induced drag.

At velocities above L/DMAX, parasite drag

Which type of glide describes the minimum rate of decent?

Max Glide Endurance

In order to fly max glide range profile, pilot needs to fly at ________ to minimize drag?

L/DMAX AOA

Which type of glide describes the minimum angle of descent?

Max Glide Range

What are velocities below maximum endurance referred to?

Region of reverse command

Which region of command has velocity and throttle setting for level flight inversely related?

Region of Reverse Command (Slower Velocity = More Throttle and vice versa)

What is the status of our AOA and induced drag at slower airspeed?

Higher AOA and Increased Induced Drag

What are characteristics of a "SLIP"?

Radius: Increased

Rate: Decreased

Ball: Same direction of turn

Nose: Outside of Turn

Cause: Insufficient Rudder

What are characteristics of a "SKID"?

Radius: Decreased

Rate: Increased

Ball: Opposite direction of turn

Nose: Inside of Turn

Cause: Too Much Rudder

What is P-Factor?

One propeller produces more thrust

Causes Yaw to Left

Apply Right Rudder

Only occurs when thrust vector is offset from relative wind

What are the requirements for P-Factor to be noticeable?

Engine at high power condition

Thrust axis displaced from relative wind

Mostly noticeable at high AOA climbs

What is the corkscrew movement of air around the fuselage that impacts the vertical stabilizer and increasing its AOA and pushes the tail to the right; causing nose to yaw left?

Slipstream Swirl

How do you compensate for slipstream swirl?

Right rudder and lateral control stick inputs

What is the Load Factor (n) equation?

Load Factor (n) = Total Lift to Airplane's Weight

N = L / W

What does a pilot have to do to stay in a straight and level flight during a turn based on Load Factor (n) equation?

Vertical component of lift vector opposes weight

Pilot needs to increase lift or will lose altitude due to weight being greater. (Increase AOA to increase Lift)

What is the greatest amount of load an aircraft can sustain without risk of permanent deformation?

Limit Load Factor; which is the maximum load factor anticipated in normal daily ops

What is the term called that is the result of an aircraft exceeding the Limit Load Factor?

Overstress/Over-G; condition of possible deformation

What is the maximum load that may be applied to a component without permanent deformation?

Elastic Limit

What is the maximum load factor that the airplane can withstand without structural failure?

Ultimate load factor; some permanent deformation but no actual failure of major load carrying components.

Limit load factor is ___ of the Ultimate Load Factor?

66% or 2/3 times

Ultimate Load is ___ of the Limit Load Factor

150% or 1.5 times

Where is the maneuver point located at regarding the V-N Diagram?

Intersection of accelerated stall line and limit load factor

What is it called when an aircraft will stall at a faster speed than known in safe/level flight?

Accelerated Stall Speed

What is the difference between the stall speed equation vs the accelerated stall speed equation?

An (n) is added to the numerator of the stall speed equation, which increases the stall speed.

What does C.AR.V.A.C. stand for and what does it represent?

Compressibility

Aspect Ratio

VISCOCITY (Not Velocity)

AOA

Camber

Factors of Coefficient of Lift

What are the two things that a pilot has control of in coefficient of lift?

AOA and Camber (Flaps Up/Down)

What control creates a pitch movement along the lateral axis?

Elevator

What control creates a roll movement along the Longitudinal axis?

Aileron

What control creates a yaw movement along the vertical axis?

Rudder

T/F: Indicated Stall Speed does NOT change with altitude

True, because ρ0 is constant,

As airplane weight decreases, what happens to stall speed and why?

stall speed decreases as weight decreases because the amount of lift required to maintain level flight decreases

What happens to lift when velocity increases?

Lift increases (Lift equation has velocity squared)

What happens to lift when altitude increases?

Lift decreases due to less density at higher altitudes

What is always equal and opposite to the flight path?

Relative Wind (RW).

The airflow experienced by the aircraft as it flies through the air. It is always

equal and opposite to the flightpath. The relative wind may arise from the motion of the body, from the motion of the air, or from both.

What is the halfway distance between the upper and lower surface of an airfoil?

Mean Camber Line (MCL)

What effect does chordwise flow have on induced drag?

Chordwise flow increases induced drag (Di) because chordwise flow accelerate over a wing; producing lfit.

In order for an aircraft to spin, what two factors need to have occurred?

Stall and a Yaw

What is an asymmetrical aggravated stall resulting in autorotation?

Spin

What do you do to recover from a stall?

RELAX, MAX, LEVEL, BALL

Relax yoke/decrease AOA

Max Throttle

Level Ailerons

Ball Centered

How do you recover from a Spin?

P.A.R.E

POWER idle

AILERONS neutral

RUDDER opposite

ELEVATOR forward

What is needed for steady airflow?

Constant PTSD

Pressure

Temperature

Speed (Velocity)

Density

____________ is on the bottom of the power curve while ______________ is on the bottom of total drag curve

Max Endurance is on the bottom of the POWER CURVE, while Max Range is on the bottom of the TOTAL DRAG CURVE

What is used when we want the slowest rate of descent/longest time in air?

Maximum Endurance

If you want to do a 2 hour flight while using the least amount of fuel, what do you use?

Maximum Endurance

What component offsets weight in coordinated turns?

Vertical Lift

What happens to induced drag if wingspan decreases?

Total Drag increases

What is the single most important factor for a longer takeoff distance?

Weight

Which flow is perpendicular to the leading edge?

Chordwise Flow

What do you do a larger plane is landing in front of you?

Land after and above, to avoid wake turbulence

What are the worst conditions for takeoff and landing of an aircraft?

4 H Club

High (altitude)

Hot (temperature)

Heavy (weight)

Humid (humidity)

What is the average lapse rate?

2 degrees Celsius and 1 inch in mercury every 1000 feet

What are standard day conditions?

29.92 in-Hg and 15 degrees Celsius

What is air density?

Air density is the total mass of air particles per unit of volume. The

What happens to density as altitude increases?

Density decreases (inverse relationship with altitude)

As humidity decreases, air density _________

As humidity decreases, air density increases (inversely related)

When does equilibrium flight exist?

Equilibrium flight exists when the sum of all forces and the sum of all moments around the center of gravity are equal to zero

When does trimmed flight exist?

Trimmed flight exists when the sum of all moments around the center of gravity are

equal to zero

The general gas law is a relationship between which three properties of air?

Pressure (P)

density (ρ)

temperature (T)

Explain the relationship of the three properties within the general gas law

1. Constant Density + increase Temperature = increased Pressure

2. Inverse Relationship between temperature and density if Pressure remains constant

What is Bernoulli's Equation and where does it apply?

PT = PS + ½ρV2

Static Pressure (Potential Energy)

Dynamic Pressure (Kinetic Energy)

Applies only in frictionless, incompressible airflow.

According to Bernoulli's equation, an increase in static pressure results in a __________ in dynamic pressure.

According to Bernoulli's equation, an increase in static pressure results in a DECREASE in dynamic pressure.

Static and Dynamic Pressure are inversely related

What is the difference between Chordwise and Spanwise Flow?

Spanwise flow is airflow that travels along the span of the wing, parallel to the leading

edge. Spanwise flow is normally from the root to the tip. This airflow is not accelerated over the wing and therefore produces no lift.

Chordwise flow is air flowing at right angles to the leading edge of an airfoil. Since chordwise flow is the only flow that accelerates over a wing, it is the only airflow that produces lift.

Using your flaps ____________________ the takeoff or landing velocity

decreases

Explain symmetric, negative, and positive camber/airfoils?

Symmetric: An airfoil in which the mean camber line is coincident with the chord line. Also called a zero camber airfoil.

Negative: An airfoil in which the mean camber line is BELOW the chord line.

Positive: An airfoil in which the mean camber line is ABOVE the chord line.

A positively cambered airfoil produces _______ at _____ AOA

A positively cambered airfoil produces lift at zero AOA

What is the path described by its COG as it moves through an air mass?

Airplane's Flight Path

What is the airflow the airplane experiences as it moves through the air?

Relative Wind (RW)

What is the relationship between flight path and relative wind?

Relative Wind is EQUAL in magnitude and OPPOSITE to the flight path

What is the angle between the airplane's longitudinal axis and the chordline of the wing?

Angle of Incidence

What are the components of Total Drag?

Parasite Drag and Induced Drag added together

As airspeed decreases to near the stalling speed,

the total drag becomes ____________ , due mainly to the

sharp rise in induced drag.

Total drag becomes greater

As the airspeed reaches the terminal velocity of the airplane, the total drag __________ rapidly, due to the sharp ___________ of parasite drag.

Increase, Increase

For when drag is at a ____________________________, power required to overcome drag is also at a ____________________________.

Minimum, minimum

What is stall speed?

Stall speed (Vs) is the minimum TAS required to maintain level flight at CLmax AOA

What are the greatest factors in stall speed?

Weight, Altitude, Power, Maneuvering, and Configuration

What is the differences between Stall Speed Equation and Indicated Stall Speed Equation?

Stall speed equation starts with "Vs" and does not include "sea level" with density in the equation.

ISS equation starts with "IAS s" and has sea level" with density in the equation

What happens to stall speed as airplane weight decreases and why?

Airplane weight decreases = stall speed decreases because the amount of lift required to maintain level flight decreases

What happens to stall speed when airplane burns fuel or drops ordnance?

stall speeds decrease

An increase in altitude has what effect on stall speed?

Increases stall speed

An increase in altitude has what effect on indicated stall speed?

Since sea level density (ρ0) is constant, ISS does not change with altitude changes

Power-on stall speed will be _______ than power-off stall

speed because at high pitch attitudes, part of the weight of the airplane is actually being supported by the vertical

component of the thrust vector.

Less

What design features reduce induced drag?

Install devices that impede the spanwise airflow around the wingtip

ex: winglets, wingtip tanks, and missile rails

What factors reduce induced drag?

The increase of density (p), velocity( V), or wingspan (b)

The lower the airspeed, the ____________ the AOA required to produce lift equal to the airplane's weight which will result in an increased induced drag

greater

Which type of drag will increase with an increase in Angle of Attack?

Induced Drag (Just like lift)

Whenever the wing is producing lift, the pressure on the lower surface of the wing is _____________ than that on the upper surface

greater

Which type of drag does NOT produce lift?

Parasite Drag

What are the two elements in Parasite drag?

Form: Disruption of streamline flow, laminar flow separation from surface creating low pressure wake behind object

Friction: Turbulent flow creates this more than laminar flow

Which of the two elements of Parasite drag are easier to reduce and which is harder?

Form Drag is easier to reduce

Friction Drag is more difficult.

What is a big factor in parasite drag?

Shape of an object

What are the landing and takeoff speeds?

Takeoff speed is 20 percent above or 1.2 times the power off stall speed.

Landing speed is 30 percent above or 1.3 times more than the stall speed.

What factors increase landing distance and what factors reduce landing distances?

An increase in weight will greatly INCREASE landing distance since a greater

airspeed is required to support the airplane

An increase in elevation, temperature or humidity will INCREASE landing distance since the reduced density results in a higher landing velocity

A headwind REDUCES landing distance because it reduces ground speed.

What is it called when you need to gain sufficient altitude to clear the obstacle with the least horizontal distance traveled?

Maximum Angle of Climb