CELL BIO FINAL

where do prokaryotic cells metabolic reactions take place

in the cytoplasm

why aren’t viruses considered alive

Viruses lack cellular structure, cannot reproduce independently, and do not carry out metabolic processes on their own, relying on host cells for replication.

what are the 4 tenants of cell theory

1. All living organisms are composed of cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms. 3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells. 4. The cell is the basic unit of life.

what are some properties of cells

cells are highly organized, can respond to stimuli, grow and develop, reproduce, and maintain homeostasis.

what do plant cells use to make energy

photosythesis

animal cells use have what kind of metabolic pathways

cellular respiration

what are the steps in order of cellular respiration

glycolysis (cytosol) , Citric Acid Cycle (mitochondrial matrix) , electron transport chain (inner mitochondrial membrane)

what are the types of carbohydrates

monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

what are the four macromolecules

lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharide

what 3 polysaccharides are composed completely of glucose polymers

starch ( energy stored in plants, glycogen (energy storage in animals), cellulose (structural polymer in plant cell walls)

what are three kinds of lipids

triglycerides (long term energy storage), phospholipids (structural membrane components) and steroids (structural integrity and fluidity of cell membrane)

what are two types of protein tagging

immunofluorescence: uses antibodies to tag proteins of interest. KILLS

Fluorescent protein tagging: gene for flouresence is attached to protein and watched as cell translates to see how expressed MAKES MORE

what features do epidflourescence microscopes have

highlights entire field, making differentiation hard

what does confocal microscopy do

zones are lit by a laser allowing more contrast and the ability to see more prescicely

what kind of vision does transmission electron microscopy have

2D

what kind of vision does scanning electron microscopy have

3D

what is a radioisotope

an unstable form of an element that emits eugenic reactions to achieve stability

what is homogenization

break membrane but keep organelles intact

what is cell fractionation

separate organelle to study individually

what does column chromatography measure

charge or size in resin, how closely it keeps the reactant to the test substance

what does gel electrophoresis measure

molecular weight

what does SDS page electrophoresis measure

molecular weight

what does x ray diffraction measure

determines the atomic number and molecular structure of crystalline materials

what is metabolism

reactions within cell that maintain life: energy creation, cell growth and repair and waste removal

what is catabolism

breaking down of large molecules into smaller sub units

what is anabolism

creating larger molecules from smaller molecules requires energy

what is an exergonic reaction

releases energy and occurs spontaneously

what is an endergonic reaction

requires energy to proceed

what is enzyme specificity

specific due to structure, substrate type and induced fit

what does low temps do to enzyme activity

low temps reduce the speed and kinetic energy within molecules so fewer collisions occur resulting in fewer reactions

what do high temps do to the enzyme activity

at first the high temp increases the rate of reaction but as the temp gets too high the proteins can be denatured and cause the shape to change rendering them useless to their substrate

what is feedback inhibition

product bind to an enzymes allosteric site to deactivate it and not create a surplus of product

what features do the mitochondrial membranes have

outer: boundary, highly permeable due to porins acts as a proton reservoir for ATP synthesis

inner: folded into cristae increasing the surface area, highly impermeable, ETC and ATP synthase

what is inter molecular space

proton resevoir, no genetic material

what is the mitochondrial matrix

viscous, fewer protons than IMS, Krebs, beta oxidation mitochondria DNA replication

what is the role of pyruvate in cell

enters mito membranas the product of glycolysis it is decarboxylated released CO2 and acetyl group binds to coA also reducing NAD+ to NADH

what is the role of NADH

carries electron to the etc where is is oxidated and returned to NAD+

what is the role of the mitochondria in ATP synthase

outer membrane: porins allow products to enter

Intermembrane space: proton storage

Inner membrane: ETC+ATP synthase

Mito matrix: enzyme storage

what is chemoisis

movement of ions across semi impermeable membrane down their electrochemical gradient

steps: gradient creation, charge disbalance, proton motive force, controlled flow

what is ATP synthase

synthesizes ATP from ADP+pi protons drive rotation which pushes ATP+pi together forming a high energy bond producing ATP

what is oxidative phosphorylation

harness energy from redox reaction use ETC and ATP synthesis, needs oxygen to continue

what is substrate level phosphorylation

uses enzymes to transfer a phosphate group to form ADP in cells cytosol and mitochondria matrix can happen without oxygen occurs during glycolysis

what is aerobic respiration within mitochondria

pyruvate oxidation, CAC, oxidative phosphorylation

what is a peroxisome

small organelles that breakdown long chain fatty acids, can synthesize cholesterol and bile acids, neutralizes poisons breaking down hydrogen peroxide

what is photosynthesis

harvest energy to synthesize glucose

what is respiration

uses stored glucose to make usable energy for the cell

what are light dependant reactions

energy harvest stage releasing H2 to split H2O products NADPH, O2 and ATP

photosystem 2 and 1 and electron transport chain

making light energy into chemical energy to fuel Calvin cycle

what are light independent reactions

Calvin cycle, uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to glucose

what is the point of having different pigments in photosynthetic organisms

more range of wavelengths to be absorbed

what is PSII

photosystem 2 absorbs light and energizes electrons which It replaces by breaking the hydrogen bond H2O and releasing as byproducts

what us PS1

photosystem 1 uses electrons to reduce NADPH to NADP+

what is rubsico

enzyme that fixes carbon in photosynthesis

what are the three parts of the Calvin cycle

carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration

what is photorespiration

process where ruscibco binds to O2 instead of CO2 reducing efficiency

what are some membranes role in the cell

creates a barrier, signals to other cells, material transport, signal reception, cytoskeletal attachment

what types of imbedded proteins are there

integral proteins, perineal protein, cholesterols, glycolipids and oligsachirides

how do saturated fatty acids impact membrane

add rigidity

how do unsaturated fatty acids impact the membrane

keep membrane more fluid at lower temps

why is flip flop diffusion harder?

flip flop diffusion requires hydrophilic head group to transverse the hydrophobic region

what is simple diffusion

small non polar molecules

what are protein channels

small charged or polar molecules

facilitated diffusion

large or polar molecules must bind to protein to alter shape

active transport

uses app to move substances against gradient