test 1- part 3

motor programming theory

is based in the concept of a motor program

closed-loop system

which type of motor program system relies on sensory inputs and feedback?

motor program

an abstract representation that, when initiated, results in the production of coordinated movement sequence

Health condition

an umbrella term for disease, disorder, injury, or trauma

Body functions

physiological functions of body systems (including psychological functions).

Body structures

anatomical parts of the body such as organs, limbs, and their components.

Impairments

problems in body function or structure such as a significant deviation or loss.

Activity

execution of a task or action by an individual.

Participation

involvement in a life situation.

Activity limitations

difficulties an individual may have in executing activities.

Participation restriction

problems an individual may experience in involvement in life situations.

Contextual factors

represent the entire background of an individual’s life and living situation.

environmental, personal

two types of contextual factors

Environmental factors

make up the physical, social, and attitudinal environment in which people live and conduct their lives

Personal factors

particular background of an individual’s life that influence how disability is experienced by an individual.

Performance

describes what an individual does in his or her current environment.

Capacity

describes an individual’s ability to execute a task or an action

Capacity

highest probable level of functioning in a given domain at a given moment

Personal factors

Gender, age, coping styles, social background, education, profession, past and current experience, overall behavior pattern, and character are all considered:

Environmental factors

Includes social attitudes, architectural characteristics, and legal and social structures.

Health condition

may also include other circumstances, such as aging, stress, congenital anomaly, or genetic predisposition.

Health condition

May also include information about pathogeneses and/or etiology.

Pathology/pathophysiology

are disease, disorders, and condition

Pathology/pathophysiology

describes an abnormality characterized by a particular cluster of signs and symptoms and recognized by either the patient or the practitioner as abnormal.

Impairment

loss or abnormality of anatomical, physiological, mental, or psychological structure or function.

Functional limitation

restriction of the ability to perform, at the level of the whole person, a physical action, task, or activity in an efficient, typically expected, or competent manner.

Disability

inability to perform or a limitation in the performance of actions, tasks, and activities usually expected in specific social roles that are customary for the individual or expected for the person’s status or role in a specific sociocultural context and physical environment

Health status

the state or status of the conditions that constitute good health.

Pathology/pathophysiology

primarily identified at the cellular level.

Disability

Categories people can have a ____ in are self-care, home management, work (job/school/play), and community/leisure.

Motor control

the underlying substrates of neural, physical, and behavioral aspects of movement

Reactive motor control

movements that are adapted in response to ongoing feedback

Reactive motor control

Example: muscle stretch causes an increase in muscle contraction in response to a forward weight shift

 Proactive (anticipatory) motor control

movements that are adapted in advance of ongoing movements via feedforward mechanisms

Motor plan

an idea or plan for purposeful movement that is made up of component motor programs

Motor program

an abstract representation that, when initiated, results in the production of a coordinated movement sequence

Motor learning

a set of internal processes associated with feedback or practice leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability of motor skills

Motor recovery

the reacquisition of movement skills lost through injury

Ability

a genetically predetermined characteristic or trait of a person that underlies performance of certain motor skills

Adaptation

Alteration of a skill or the environment to achieve a task goal

Coordinative structures (synergies)

functionally linked muscles that are constrained by the CNS to act cooperatively to produce an intended movement

Motor skill

an action or task that has a goal to achieve; acquisition of skill is dependent on practice and experience and is not genetically defined.

Gross motor skills

motor skills that involve large musculature and a goal in which precision of movement is not important to the successful execution of the skill

Fine motor skills

motor skills that require control of small muscles of the body to achieve the goal of the skill

Closed motor skill

a skill performed in a stable or predictable environment

Open motor skill

a skill performed in a variable or unpredictable environment

Discrete motor skills

skills that have distinct beginning and end points defined by the task itself

Serial motor skills

skills that are discrete, or individual skills put together in a series

Continuous motor skills

skills that have arbitrary beginning and end points defined by the performer or some external agents

Simple motor skills

movements that involve a single motor program that produces an individual movement response

Complex motor skills

movements that involve multiple actions and motor programs combined to produce a coordinated movement response

Dual-task skills

movements that involve simultaneous actions (motor programs) performed together

Function-induced recovery

the restoration of the ability to perform a movement in the same or similar manner as it was performed before the injury

Learned nonuse

behavioral learned response to paresis associated with preferential use of unaffected limbs

Motor compensation

performance of an old movement in a new manner

Adaptive compensation

appearance of alternative motor patterns during the accomplishment of a task

Substitutive compensation

successful task accomplishment using alternative body segments or motor elements

Motor recovery

restoration of the ability to perform a movement in the same manner as it was performed before injury

Neuroplasticity

the brain’s ability to change and repair itself

Spontaneous recovery

restoration of function in neural tissue initially lost after injury, resulting from naturally occurring repair processes within the CNS

Motor recovery

successful task accomplishment using limbs or end effectors typically used by nondisabled people

Function-induced recovery

use-dependent cortical reorganization occurring in response to changes in activity and the environment

Fine motor skills

typically requires a high level of eye-hand coordination

Static postural control (stability)

Ability to maintain postural stability and orientation with the COM over the BOS with the body not in motion

Dynamic postural control

Ability to maintain postural stability and orientation with the COM over the BOS while parts of the body are in motion

Transitional mobility

Ability to move from one posture to another

Skill

Ability to consistently perform coordinated movement sequences for the purposes of investigation and interaction with the physical and social environment.

fixed

In Static postural control (stability) and Dynamic postural control, the BOS is fixed or changing?

Transitional mobility

BOS and/or COM are changing

Static postural control (stability)

Holding in antigravity postures

Dynamic postural control

Weight shifting; limb movements

Transitional mobility

Rolling; supine to sit; sit to stand; transfers

Static postural control (stability)

Failure to maintain a steady posture indicates an issue with this:

Dynamic postural control

Failure to maintain or control posture during weight shifting or dynamic trunk or extremity movements demonstrates an issue with this:

Transitional mobility

Failure to initiate or sustain movements through the range indicates an issue with this:

Skill

Poorly coordinated movements indicates an issue with this:

Static postural control (stability)

excessive postural sway indicates an issue with this:

Transitional mobility

poorly controlled movements indicates an issue with this:

Skill

lack of precision, control, consistency, and economy of effort indicates an issue in this:

Static postural control (stability)

wide BOS or COM exceeding BOS indicates an issue in this:

Static postural control (stability)

high guard arm position or UE handhold indicates an issue with this:

Skill

inability to achieve a task goal indicates an issue with this:

Static postural control (stability)

Examples of demonstrating this are prone on elbows, quadruped, sitting, kneeling, half-kneeling, plantigrade, or standing

Dynamic postural control

examples of demonstrating this are UE reaching, LE stepping in plantigrade or standing

Skill

examples of demonstrating this are grasping and manipulating objects, and locomotion

Retention

ability of the learner to demonstrate a learned skill over time and after a period of no practice

Generalizability (adaptability of skills)

the ability to apply a learned skill to the performance of other similar or related skills

Resistance to contextual change (adaptability of context)

the ability to perform a learned skill in altered environmental situations

Performance test

an examination of observable improvements with attention to the quality of movements and the success of movement outcomes after a period of skill practice

Retention test

an examination of a learned skill administered after a period of no practice

Transfer test

an examination of performance of similar or related skills compared with a previously learned skill

Constant feedback

Feedback is given after every practice trial.

Summed feedback

Feedback is given after a set number of trials

Faded feedback

Feedback is given at first after every trial and then less frequently

Bandwidth feedback

Feedback is given only when performance is outside a given error range

Delayed feedback

Feedback is given after a brief time delay

Massed practice

a sequence of practice and rest times in which the rest time is much less than the practice time

Distributed practice

a sequence of practice and rest periods in which the practice time is often equal to or less than the rest time

Blocked practice

a practice sequence organized around one task performed repeatedly, uninterrupted by practice on any other task

Serial practice

a predictable and repeating order of practice of multiple tasks