Axial muscles

insertion position in terms of body position

distal attachment

origin position in terms of body position

proximal attachment

origin definition

sometimes fixed attachment point, attached to bone, proximal

Insertion definition

moves toward origin, could be attached to other muscles, moveable attachment point of muscle

what is a lever

rigid bar that moves around a fixed point (fulcrum)

another term for effort

power

another term for load

weight

what is a fulcrum

fixed point

what is effort

applied force

what is load

resistance

what is power lever. advantage or disadvantage

small force exerted over a long distance. mechanical advantage; large load over small distance

what is speed lever. advantage or disadvantage

small load over long distance. mechanical disadvantage

first class lever (class I)

load - fulcrum - effort. mechanical advantage/disadvantage depending on whether load or effort is closer to fulcrum

example of class I lever

lifting head off chest

second class lever (class II)

fulcrum - load - effort. mechanical advantage

example of class II lever

standing on toes

third class lever (class III)

fulcrum - effort - load. mechanical disadvantage b/c force is lost and speed is gained

example of class III lever

most muscles

what is muscle shape

organization of fascicles

parallel

fascicles run parallel to muscle's long axis

pennate

short fascicles attach (slanting) to a central tendon

subcategories of pennate

uni/bi/multi

what does uni/bi/multipennate mean

based on how many sides of the tendon the fascicles attach

convergent

broad origin converges to a single tendon

circular

fascicles arranged in concentric rings

another name for prime movers

agonists

what is a prime mover

main force producers for specific movement

what is a synergist

assist prime movers, promoting same movements and reducing unnecessary movement

what is a antagonist

opposes prime movers. relaxed during prime movement but still opposes. can be a prime mover to return to body's original position

what is a fixtator

type A synergist. stabilizes muscle/bone origins

example of a fixtator

scapula

location

bone or region of body

digastric

two muscle bellies

bicipital

two muscle heads

what is included in the name of muscle

origin and insertion points

what is always first in muscle name

origin

another term for epicranius

occipitofrontalis frontal and occipital portion

epicranius frontal belly: origin/insertion/action

origin- epicranial aponeurosis

insertion- skin of eyebrows and root of nose

action- with aponeurosis fixed, it raises eyebrows

epicranius occipital belly: origin/insertion/action

origin- occipital and temporal bones

insertion- epicranial aponeurosis

action- fixes aponeurosis and pulls scalp posteriorly

orbicularis oculi (origin, insertion, action)

origin- frontal and maxillary bones and ligaments around orbit

insertion- encircles orbit and inserts in tissue of eyelid

action- closes eyes/blinking

corrugator supercilii (origin, insertion, action)

origin- arch of frontal bones above nasal bone

insertion- skin of eyebrow

action- draws eyebrows medially and inferiorly, wrinkles skin of head vertically

levator labii superioris (origin, insertion, action)

origin- zygomatic bone and infraorbital margin of maxilla

insertion- skin and muscle of upper lip and border of nostril

action- raises and furrows upper lip, opens lips

zygomaticus major/minor (origin, insertion, action)

origin- zygomatic bone

insertion- skin and muscle at corner of mouth

action- raises lateral corners of mouth upward (smiling)

risorius (origin, insertion, action)

origin- fascia of masseter muscle

insertion- skin at angle of mouth

action- draws corner of lip laterally, tenses lip, zygomaticus synergist

depressor labii inferioris (origin, insertion, action)

origin-body of mandible lateral to its midline

insertion- skin and muscle of lower lip

action- draws lower lip inferiorly

orbicularis oris (origin, insertion, action)

origin- arises indirectly from maxilla and mandible

insertion- encircles mouth, tissues of the lips

action- closes lips, purses/protrudes lips (kissing/whistling)

Buccinator (origin, insertion, action)

origin- molar region of maxilla and mandible

insertion- orbicularis oris

action- draws corner of mouth laterally, compresses cheek (as in whistling), holds food between teeth during chewing

what is mastication

chewing

prime mover of mastication

masseter

Masseter (origin, insertion, action)

origin- zygomatic arch and maxilla

insertion- angle and ramus of mandible

action- primer mover of jaw closure, elevates mandible

temporalis (origin, insertion, action)

origin- temporal fossa

insertion- coronoid process of mandible

action- closes jaw, elevates and retracts mandible

muscles responsible for mastication

buccinator, masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoids

muscles responsible for facial expression

epicranius, corrugator supercilii, orbicularis oculi, levator labii superioris, depressor labii inferioris, zygomaticus major/minor, orbicularis oris, buccinator, risorius

medial pterygoid (origin, insertion, action)

origin- sphenoid, palatine, and maxillary bones

insertion- medial surface of mandible, near its angle

action- elevates mandible (closes jaw), aids in grinding movements of teeth w/ lateral pterygoid

lateral pterygoid (origin, insertion, action)

origin- greater wing of sphenoid bone

insertion- condylar process of mandible

action- protracts jaw (moves it anteriorly), aids in grinding movements of teeth w/ medial pterygoid

what is the platysma, sternocleidomastoid, and scalenes in reference to body position

anterolateral and superficial

platysma (origin, insertion, action)

origin- fascia of chest (over pectoral muscles) and deltoid

insertion- lower margin of mandible, skin, and muscle at corner of mouth

action- pull down corners of mouth to create a frown and lower the jaw (mandible)

sternocleidomastoid (origin, insertion, action)

origin- manubrium of sternum and medial portion of clavicle

insertion- mastoid process of temporal bone and superior nuchal line of occipital bone

action- bending your head forward (flexion), tilting it to the side (lateral flexion), and turning it to look over your shoulder (rotation)

scalenes- anterior middle and posterior (origin, insertion, action)

origin- transverse processes of cervical vertebrae

insertion- anterolaterally on ribs 1-2

action- flex and slightly rotate neck, elevate ribs 1-2

what are muscles that move the tongue

intrinsic and extrinsic muscles

intrinsic muscles

longitudinal, transverse, and vertical

intrinsic muscles (origin, insertion, action)

origin- within tongue

insertion- within tongue

action- change tongue shape

extrinsic muscles

genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus

genioglossus (origin, insertion, action)

origin- mental protuberance of mandible

insertion- tongue

action- depresses and protrudes tongue

hyoglossus (origin, insertion, action)

origin- hyoid bone

insertion- side of tongue

action- retracts and depresses side of tongue

styloglossus (origin, insertion, action)

origin- styloid process of temporal bone

insertion- tongue (lateral and inferior)

action- retracts tongue

palatoglossus (origin, insertion, action)

origin- soft palate

insertion- tongue

action- elevates posterior tongue

what types of muscles are splenius capitis and trapezius

muscles moving the head and neck

where is the splenius capitis and trapezius in relation to body position

posterior

splenius capitis (origin, insertion, action)

origin- superior region of vertebral column, C4-T6

insertion- posterior surface of skull; superior nuchal line and mastoid process

action- extends, rotates, and laterally flexes neck

trapezius (origin, insertion, action)

origin- occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7-T12

insertion- clavicle, acromion process, and scapular spine

action- extends and laterally flexes neck

on the erector spinae, insertions are where compared to the origins

insertions are above the origins

what is erector spinae

deep muscles of back

erector spinae muscles

iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

iliocostalis is what muscles

iliocostalis cervicis, thoracis, lumborum

iliocostalis actions

extends, laterally flexes, and rotates vertebral column

erector spinae muscle closest to midline

spinalis

erector spinae muscle most lateral

iliocostalis

why can the iliocostalis tip the body laterally

the origins are closer to the midline than the insertion

erector spinae muscle that is intermediate

longissimus

iliocostalis cervicis (origin, insertion, action)

origin- superior six ribs

insertion- transverse processes of middle cervical vertebrae

action- extends, laterally flexes and rotates vertebral column

iliocostalis thoracis (origin, insertion, action)

origin- inferior six ribs

insertion- superior six ribs

action- extends, laterally flexes, and rotate vertebral column

iliocostalis lumborum (origin, insertion, action)

origin- sacrum, ilium, and lumbar vertebrae

insertion- inferior six ribs

action- extends, laterally flexes, and rotates vertebral column

quadratus lumborum is where in relation to body position

posterior abdominal wall

longissimus capitis: origin, insertion, & action

origin- upper thoracic and lower cervical vertebrae

insertion- mastoid process

action- extends head

longissimus cervicis (origin, insertion, action)

origin- upper thoracic vertebrae

insertion- transverse process of upper cervical vertebrae

action- extends neck

longissimus thoracis (origin, insertion, action)

origin- ribs and lower thoracic vertebrae

insertion- transverse processes of upper lumbar vertebrae and ribs

action- extends vertebral column

Spinalis Cervicis (origin, insertion, action)

origin- C6-C7

insertion- spinous processes of C2-C3

action- extends neck

spinalis thoracis (origin, insertion, action)

origin- T11-L2

insertion- spinous processes of middle and upper thoracic vertebrae

action- extends vertebral column

what are muscles of the thorax associated with

breathing

what is inspiration

active. bringing air into lungs by making lungs bigger and moving bottom of lungs in inferior direction

what is expiration

passive. process of air leaving the lungs

what is the thoracic diaphragm

floor of thoracic cavity

what does the thoracic diaphragm do

encircles entire edge of thorax and moves lungs in inferior direction during inhalation

diaphragm (origin, insertion, action)

origin- interior of ribs, sternum, and lumbar vertebrae

insertion- central tendon of diaphragm

action- inspiration depresses floor of thorax

external intercostals (origin, insertion, action)

origin- inferior border of each rib

insertion- superior border of next rib below

action- quiet inspiration elevates ribs

internal intercostals (origin, insertion, action)

origin- superior border of each rib

insertion- inferior border of next rib above

action- forced expiration depresses ribs

muscles of anterior abdominal wall

rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transversus abdominis

muscles of posterior abdominal wall

quadratus lumborum

characteristics of muscles of abdominal wall

entire circumference of abdomen, layered on top of each other