American Pageant Chapter 2

What major change did European crops and livestock bring to America?

They transformed the American landscape.

What impact did disease and conquest have on native tribes?

They destroyed many native tribes.

Which countries established early outposts in North America?

Spain (Santa Fe), France (Quebec), and England (Jamestown).

What significant event in English history disrupted its overseas colonization efforts?

The English Protestant Reformation.

Who was the English monarch that broke ties with the Roman Catholic Church?

King Henry VII.

What was the outcome of the rivalry between Catholic Spain and Protestant England?

It led to conflicts and the confiscation of Catholic Irish lands.

What role did Elizabeth I play in England's colonial ambitions?

She encouraged buccaneers to promote Protestantism and raid Spanish ships.

What was the first English attempt at colonization?

Newfoundland, which collapsed after Sir Humphrey Gilbert's death.

What happened to the Roanoke Colony established by Sir Walter Raleigh?

It mysteriously vanished.

What marked the decline of Spanish imperial ambitions in the late 16th century?

The failure of the Spanish Armada to invade England.

What was the population growth in England from 1550 to 1600?

From 3 million to 4 million.

What economic conditions motivated English colonization?

Unemployment, surplus population, and a thirst for adventure and markets.

What was the main attraction for settlers of the Virginia Company?

The promise of gold and a passage to the Indies.

What was the fate of the Jamestown settlers during their first years?

Many died from disease, malnutrition, and starvation.

Who is credited with saving the Virginia colony in 1608?

John Smith, who implemented a work ethic rule.

What was the outcome of the marriage between Pocahontas and John Rolfe?

It led to a peace settlement between the English and Powhatan Indians.

What were the three D's that led to the decline of the Powhatan people?

Disease, disorganization, and disposability.

What was the significance of John Rolfe in Virginia's economy?

He established the tobacco industry, which became vital for the colony's economy.

What was the impact of tobacco cultivation on Virginia's land?

It ruined the soil and promoted the plantation system.

What event in 1619 marked the beginning of the North American slave system?

A Dutch warship sold twenty Africans in Jamestown.

How did the introduction of horses affect Native American cultures?

It allowed for easier movement and transformed their way of life.

What was the role of trade in the interactions between Native Americans and Europeans?

It shifted from barter systems to European commerce, including firearms.

What demographic changes did Native Americans experience due to European contact?

Unprecedented transformations due to disease and cultural shifts.

What was the outcome of the Second Anglo-Powhatan War?

The Indians were defeated and banned from merging with settlers.

What was the significance of the Treaty of 1646?

It refused any thought of allowing Native Americans to merge with settlers.

What year did Virginia have 300 slaves, constituting 14% of its population?

1650

What was the House of Burgesses?

An assembly full of senators and an early example of representative self-government in Virginia.

What action did James I take regarding Virginia in 1624?

He made Virginia a royal colony.

Who founded Maryland and in what year?

Lord Baltimore founded Maryland in 1634.

What was the primary purpose of founding Maryland?

To create a refuge for Catholics and for financial profits.

What significant legislation was passed in Maryland in 1649?

The Act of Toleration, which tolerated all Christians but was against Jews and atheists.

What was the foundation of the economy in the West Indies?

Sugar was the foundation of their economy.

What did the Barbados slave code of 1661 entail?

It denied fundamental rights to slaves and gave masters complete control over them.

What was the primary export crop in Carolina?

Rice.

What was the relationship between Carolina and the West Indies?

Carolina thrived economically by having close ties with the West Indies, bringing the slave system with them.

Who was Oliver Cromwell and what did he do?

A Puritan soldier who beheaded Charles I in 1649 and ruled England for nearly a decade.

What happened to the Carolina colony in 1712?

North and South Carolina were separated and each became a royal colony.

What was the Iroquois Confederacy?

An alliance of five nations: Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas, founded to achieve territorial supremacy.

What was the purpose of Georgia when it was founded in 1733?

To act as a buffer colony protecting the Carolinas from Spanish Florida and French Louisiana.

Who was James Oglethorpe?

The founder of Georgia who repelled Spanish attacks and aimed to keep slavery out of the colony.

What were the Plantation Colonies?

Colonies like Maryland, Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia that were devoted to exporting commercial agricultural products.

What was a common feature of the Plantation Colonies?

The presence of slavery, which was found in all these colonies.

What was the demographic impact of the slave trade on the West Indies?

A significant number of enslaved Africans were brought, changing the demographic for centuries.

What was the outcome of the Tuscarora War in North Carolina?

The North Carolinians crushed the Tuscarora Indians and sold many into slavery.

What was the significance of Charleston in the southern colonies?

It became the busiest seaport in the South and a diverse community.

What was the impact of the Civil War in England on colonization?

It interrupted colonization until the restoration period in 1660, when empire-building resumed.

What was the relationship between North Carolina and Virginia?

North Carolina was isolated from Virginia and had a more democratic and independent-minded population.

What were the primary labor sources for tobacco cultivation in Maryland?

Labor was primarily dependent on white servants.

What was the fate of the Iroquois Confederacy after the American Revolution?

They could not reach a consensus on which side to support and ultimately declined.