PNB 2274 Exam 3 - Chen

Which ascending tract of the spinal cord carries the sensations for fine touch and vibration to the brain?

medial and lateral pathways

anterolateral pathway

posterior column pathway

corticospinal pathway

posterior column pathway

The primary somatosensory cortex is part of the

Frontal lobe

Temporal lobe

Insula

Parietal lobe

Occipital lobe

parietal lobe

Match each fiber to its correct type:

1 Corpus Callosum

2 Internal Capsule

3 Arcuate Fasciculus

Corpus Callosum - Commisural

Internal Capsule - Projection

Arcuate Fasciculus - Association

Which is NOT a function of the blood-brain barrier?

It prevents brain neurons from being exposed to drugs

It protects brain neurons from exposure to abnormal ion levels

It prevents nicotine and alcohol from entering brain interstitial fluid

It protects brain neurons from exposure to abnormal hormone levels

It prevents brain neurons from being exposed to waste products in the blood

It prevents nicotine and alcohol from entering brain interstitial fluid

these are fat soluble substances that cross BBB through passive diffusion

how are glucose and amino acids transported across the BBB?

active transport

how does penicillin cross the BBB?

water soluble substance which has difficulty getting through

Which of the cerebral lobes is the center for personality, hypothesis generation, verbal communication, and the voluntary control of skeletal muscles?

temporal

parietal

occipital

frontal

frontal

A neurovascular unit includes (choose all that apply)

Endothelial cells

Pericytes

Microglials

Astrocytes

Interneurons

Endothelial cells

Pericytes

Microglials

Astrocytes

Interneurons

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the

choroid plexus

The concentration of K+ in cerebrospinal fluid is _________ the blood.

the same as

lower than

higher than

lower than

If one's blood brain barrier (BBB) is compromised,

ion concentrations in brain interstitial fluid will be altered.

brain blood flow will increase.

other mechanisms like CSF will protect the brain.

there will be no affect to brain functions.

ion concentrations in brain interstitial fluid will be altered.

Which is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid?

CSF transports nutrients and chemicals to the brain.

CSF helps to reduce the effective weight of the brain.

CSF helps to remove waste products from the brain.

CSF helps to promote mitosis within neuronal tissue.

CSF provides a liquid cushion to protect the brain from sudden movements

CSF helps to promote mitosis within neuronal tissue.

Transection at the corpus callosum will result in losing ability to

touch nose with eyes closed

control limb muscles

verbally identify an object placed in your right hand without looking

write down the name of an object in your right visual world using your right hand

None of the above.

None

The mixed cranial nerve that projects to and from internal organs, muscles, and glands is the ________ nerve.

trochlear

(spinal) accessory

trigeminal

vagus

glossopharyngeal

vagus

Which of the following statements are true about cranial nerve IX (cranial nerve 9)? (Choose all that apply)

It innervates the posterior part of the tongue and transmit sensory information, for example, temperature, pain, and taste.

It is called glossopharyngeal nerve.

It receives information about blood pH from carotid body.

Damage to cranial nerve IX may experience dry mouth.

all

Which statement regarding the hypothalamus is FALSE?

It is an important structure for both learning and memory

It contains centers to control autonomic functions

It is considered to b a key integrating center for homeostasis

It contains hunger center

It controls the release of anterior pituitary hormones

It is an important structure for both learning and memory

DON'T CONFUSE WITH HIPPOCAMPUS

What will happen if a subject's putamen is damaged?

The subject will have trouble identifying the object he/she touches

No effects

The subject will be unable to talk

Muscular movements will no longer be smooth and coherent

Personality will change

Muscular movements will no longer be smooth and coherent.

Damage to which area will affect the consolidation of new explicit memory?

hippocampus

basal nuclei

thalamus

cerebellum

hypothalamus

hippocampus

Which of the following situation may occur, if there is a lesion in vestibulocerebellum?

Disorders of speech

Disturbances of equilibrium

Disturbances of coordinated distal movement

Disturbances of equilibrium

General anesthetics keep surgical patients unconscious by reducing activity in the

lateral ventricles

corpus callosum

medullary pyramids

cerebral cortex

reticular formation

reticular formation

Which of these roles is NOT related to the reticular formation?

regulation of the menstrual cycle

gastrointestinal motility

pain modulation

alert cerebrum

muscle tone

regulation of the menstrual cycle

Experimental animals become tamer and more sexually active following damage to the

hypothalamus

amygdala

hippocampus

cerebral cortex

corpus callosum

amygdala

Your patient Lynn complains, "My pain getting more intense over the last few days. It aches most of the time and I feel pain in my jaw, other times it's around my eye, but always in my right cheek. It's usually a stabbing pain, but my dentist said that my teeth are fine" Which cranial nerve most likely have contributed to Lynn's discomfort.

Trigeminal nerve

Vagus nerve

Facial nerve

Hypoglossal nerve

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Trigeminal nerve

what are the different forms of brain protection

cranial bones

cranial meninges

cerebrospinal fluid

underneath the cranium lies what cranial meninges (outer --> innermost)

1. dura mater - outermost

2. arachnoid

3. pia mater - innermost

arachnoid layer is composed of

other characteristics

epithelium cells

covers, but does not line folds of brain

subarachnoid space below

the pia mater composed of

innermost layer of meninges that lines the folds

accompanies blood vessels

meninge layer composed of 2 fibrous layers with lymphatic and blood vessels in between

dura mater

what system is responsible for removing cerebrospinal fluid in the brain

lymphatic

what is housed in the subarachnoid space

CSF

true or false:

regardless of activity brain receives constant blood flow

percentage

true

(15% constantly going into brain)

importance of constant blood supply to the brain

- oxygen flows freely across BBB

- carbon dioxide (metabolic waste) removed

The brain consumes about half of the ________ circulating in the body.

A. oxygen

B. glucose

C. sodium

D. potassium

E. fatty acids

glucose

difference between oxygen and glucose transport from plasma to interstitial fluid of brain

oxygen - diffuses directly across BBB

glucose - membrane transporters required

progressive hypoglycemia is due to

results in

brain lack of glucose

confusion, unconsciousness, death

primary blood flow to the brain from which arteries

internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries

primary blood flow away from brain

internal jugular veins

internal carotid arteries originate from ______.

vertebral arteries originate from ________.

common carotid artery

subclavian artery

internal carotid arteries branch into ______.

vertebral arteries branch into ________ which then extend into ______.

anterior and middle cerebral arteries

basilar artery; posterior cerebral artery

the arteries of the brain are branched in a ring structure

what is this called

why is it beneficial

an anastomosis - circle of willis

allows for collateral circulation - if one area is clotted the other vessels will bypass clot and supply brain

the middle cerebral artery is an extension of what arterie(s), supplies what region of the brain

clots result in

common carotid --> internal carotid

supplies the outer surface of the brain

stroke --> motor function and language issues

the anterior cerebral artery supplies the

frontal inner surface

what artery is believed to clot the most in the brain

middle cerebral artery

endothelial cells in the blood brain barrier linked by ______ junctions

tight

primary functions of blood brain barrier include

limited paracellular flux

regulate composition and volume of interstitial fluid

blood brain barrier composed of

endothelial cells

astrocyte foot processes

basal lamina

pH in blood interstitial fluid vs plasma

roughly what is the pH of IF

why is it lower or higher?

pH is lower in IF (about 7.33)

due to higher pCO2

protein content in blood interstitial fluid vs plasma

low protein content in IF

low buffering capacity

_______ (low/high) protein content in plasma, what effect does this have on buffering capacity

high - high buffer capacity

glucose concentration blood interstitial fluid vs plasma

lower in IF

K+ concentration in blood interstitial fluid vs plasma

lower in IF

concentration of HCO3- blood interstitial fluid vs plasma

lower in IF

a change in ph is more likely to occur in

interstitial fluid --> low protein content and therefore low buffering capacity

neurons and glial cells are surrounded by _______ fluid

interstitial

absorption in the brain refers to moving in/out of plasma/IF

secretion in the brain refers to moving in/out of plasma/IF

absorption = Into plasma

secretion = Into IF

The BBB and neurovascular unit is composed of

glial cells --> microglia and astrocyte

endothelial cells

pericytes

capillary

neuron

pericytes of the neurovascular unit function in

contractility and production of angiogenic factors

what are the 4 types of pathologies the blood brain barrier is involved in

blood vessel related

bacterial or virus related

psychological

age related dysfunction

Why do seizures often accompany brain injuries, such as stroke?

seizure = many different action potentials firing at the same time

primary functions of CSF

maintain chemical stability

removal of waste

cushion and protection, absorb shock

which ventricles in the brain are connected?

what are they connected by?

Lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle - interventricular foramen

3rd and 4th ventricle - cerebral aqueduct

CSF leaves the fourth ventricle via ___________ and enters __________ then ________ then _______

lateral apertures or median aperture

subarachnoid space

arachnoid villi

dural venous sinus (in between dura mater fibrous layers)

what kind of movement is involved in the circulation of CSF

diffusion

what type of cells in the choroid plexus responsible for generation of cerebrospinal fluid

mechanism

ependymal cells

selectively pumps sodium and solutes from plasma into the ventricles and draws water into the ventricles through osmotic pressure

What did the authors of the assigned paper discover?

Extracellular volume increased by 60% during sleep.

The hormone noradrenaline increase the cells size when awake.

Glial cells control flow through the glymphatic system by changing their sizes.

More than one answer is correct.

A and C

during sleep brains extracellular volume more than doubles due to

shrinking of glial cells

hormone norepinephrine

If one's blood brain barrier (BBB) is compromised, initially

the membrane potential of the effected neurons is more depolarized.

the membrane potential of the effected neurons is more hyperpolarized.

the membrane potential of the effected neurons remains the same.

depolarized

K+ ECF concentration is increased as K+ flows out!

White matter is composed of

location in brain vs spine

myelinated axons

white matter inner brain

white matter outer in spine

The elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are known as __________ while the shallow grooves are termed __________.

deeper grooves are termed

gyri; sulci

fissures

4 regions of the brain

cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum

what brain region is associated with autonomic and reflex centers

brainstem

what brain region is associated with balance and coordinated movements

cerebellum

what brain REGION is associated with higher brain functions

cerebrum

what brain region is associated with homeostatic centers

diencephalon

brain gray matter is organized into

which layers contain sensory receptors?

which are output neurons?

6 layers - neocortex - column formation

those closest to skull 1,2,3,4

5,6 - more pyramidal cells

temporal lobe associated with

hearing

language comprehension

smell

Cerebral Hemispheres: Left

controls right side of body

language localized

somatosensory cortex located in what lobe

important sensations associated

parietal lobe

pain, touch, temperature, proprioception

"the fifth lobe of the brain"

insula

separate lateral fissure, connected to functions of parietal, temporal, and frontal lobe

portion of gustatory cortex

true or false:

frontal lobe is the seat of intelligence

false

important functions of the frontal cortex

hypothesis generation

inhibitions / impulse control

working memory

organization / planning

what separates the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe and the somatosensory cortex of the parietal lobe

central sulcus

primary motor cortex controls which type of movements

located in what lobe

voluntary movement

frontal

brocas area

location and function

frontal lobe, production of speech

what part of the brain is associated with comparing reward and punishment during decision making processes (compare expected with actual outcomes)

located in what lobe

orbitofrontal cortex

frontal lobe

olfactory bulb directly synapses with what cortex

how is this adaptive

orbitofrontal cortex

animals sense of smell -- quick decision making if in danger, etc.

spatial awareness and proprioception associated with what lobe of the brain

what is proprioception

parietal

awareness of body in space

what cortex is post central gyrus?

pre central gyrus?

post - somatosensory cortex

pre - motor cortex

where is the primary gustatory cortex located?

parietal lobe

this lobe of the brain is closely located and related to the hippocampus, it plays a role in memory formation

other functions of this lobe

temporal lobe

also auditory sensation and language comprehension

primary olfactory cortex located in which lobe of the brain

temporal

Role of primary visual cortex and association visual cortex

primary = 2-d sketch

association = interpretation of info, fill in depth and color, texture

speech is more associated with which hemisphere

Left

math and logic associated with which brain hemisphere

left

face recognition and other visual imagery more associated with hemisphere of the brain

right

angular gyrus

function and location

closely related to wernickes and language comprehension / integration center

superior edge of temporal lobe

primary language areas include

brocas, wernickes, angular gyrus, arcuate fasciculus

arcuate fasciculus

A white matter tract that connects Broca's Area and Wernicke's Area

association fiber

white fibers in same hemisphere are known as

association fibers

white fibers that connect cerebral regions to brain stem regions are known as

projection fibers