PNB 2274 Exam 3 - Chen
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236 Terms
Which ascending tract of the spinal cord carries the sensations for fine touch and vibration to the brain?
medial and lateral pathways
anterolateral pathway
posterior column pathway
corticospinal pathway
posterior column pathway
The primary somatosensory cortex is part of the
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Insula
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
parietal lobe
Match each fiber to its correct type:
1 Corpus Callosum
2 Internal Capsule
3 Arcuate Fasciculus
Corpus Callosum - Commisural
Internal Capsule - Projection
Arcuate Fasciculus - Association
Which is NOT a function of the blood-brain barrier?
It prevents brain neurons from being exposed to drugs
It protects brain neurons from exposure to abnormal ion levels
It prevents nicotine and alcohol from entering brain interstitial fluid
It protects brain neurons from exposure to abnormal hormone levels
It prevents brain neurons from being exposed to waste products in the blood
It prevents nicotine and alcohol from entering brain interstitial fluid
these are fat soluble substances that cross BBB through passive diffusion
how are glucose and amino acids transported across the BBB?
active transport
how does penicillin cross the BBB?
water soluble substance which has difficulty getting through
Which of the cerebral lobes is the center for personality, hypothesis generation, verbal communication, and the voluntary control of skeletal muscles?
temporal
parietal
occipital
frontal
frontal
A neurovascular unit includes (choose all that apply)
Endothelial cells
Pericytes
Microglials
Astrocytes
Interneurons
Endothelial cells
Pericytes
Microglials
Astrocytes
Interneurons
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the
choroid plexus
The concentration of K+ in cerebrospinal fluid is _________ the blood.
the same as
lower than
higher than
lower than
If one's blood brain barrier (BBB) is compromised,
ion concentrations in brain interstitial fluid will be altered.
brain blood flow will increase.
other mechanisms like CSF will protect the brain.
there will be no affect to brain functions.
ion concentrations in brain interstitial fluid will be altered.
Which is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid?
CSF transports nutrients and chemicals to the brain.
CSF helps to reduce the effective weight of the brain.
CSF helps to remove waste products from the brain.
CSF helps to promote mitosis within neuronal tissue.
CSF provides a liquid cushion to protect the brain from sudden movements
CSF helps to promote mitosis within neuronal tissue.
Transection at the corpus callosum will result in losing ability to
touch nose with eyes closed
control limb muscles
verbally identify an object placed in your right hand without looking
write down the name of an object in your right visual world using your right hand
None of the above.
None
The mixed cranial nerve that projects to and from internal organs, muscles, and glands is the ________ nerve.
trochlear
(spinal) accessory
trigeminal
vagus
glossopharyngeal
vagus
Which of the following statements are true about cranial nerve IX (cranial nerve 9)? (Choose all that apply)
It innervates the posterior part of the tongue and transmit sensory information, for example, temperature, pain, and taste.
It is called glossopharyngeal nerve.
It receives information about blood pH from carotid body.
Damage to cranial nerve IX may experience dry mouth.
all
Which statement regarding the hypothalamus is FALSE?
It is an important structure for both learning and memory
It contains centers to control autonomic functions
It is considered to b a key integrating center for homeostasis
It contains hunger center
It controls the release of anterior pituitary hormones
It is an important structure for both learning and memory
DON'T CONFUSE WITH HIPPOCAMPUS
What will happen if a subject's putamen is damaged?
The subject will have trouble identifying the object he/she touches
No effects
The subject will be unable to talk
Muscular movements will no longer be smooth and coherent
Personality will change
Muscular movements will no longer be smooth and coherent.
Damage to which area will affect the consolidation of new explicit memory?
hippocampus
basal nuclei
thalamus
cerebellum
hypothalamus
hippocampus
Which of the following situation may occur, if there is a lesion in vestibulocerebellum?
Disorders of speech
Disturbances of equilibrium
Disturbances of coordinated distal movement
Disturbances of equilibrium
General anesthetics keep surgical patients unconscious by reducing activity in the
lateral ventricles
corpus callosum
medullary pyramids
cerebral cortex
reticular formation
reticular formation
Which of these roles is NOT related to the reticular formation?
regulation of the menstrual cycle
gastrointestinal motility
pain modulation
alert cerebrum
muscle tone
regulation of the menstrual cycle
Experimental animals become tamer and more sexually active following damage to the
hypothalamus
amygdala
hippocampus
cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
amygdala
Your patient Lynn complains, "My pain getting more intense over the last few days. It aches most of the time and I feel pain in my jaw, other times it's around my eye, but always in my right cheek. It's usually a stabbing pain, but my dentist said that my teeth are fine" Which cranial nerve most likely have contributed to Lynn's discomfort.
Trigeminal nerve
Vagus nerve
Facial nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Trigeminal nerve
what are the different forms of brain protection
cranial bones
cranial meninges
cerebrospinal fluid
underneath the cranium lies what cranial meninges (outer --> innermost)
1. dura mater - outermost
2. arachnoid
3. pia mater - innermost
arachnoid layer is composed of
other characteristics
epithelium cells
covers, but does not line folds of brain
subarachnoid space below
the pia mater composed of
innermost layer of meninges that lines the folds
accompanies blood vessels
meninge layer composed of 2 fibrous layers with lymphatic and blood vessels in between
dura mater
what system is responsible for removing cerebrospinal fluid in the brain
lymphatic
what is housed in the subarachnoid space
CSF
true or false:
regardless of activity brain receives constant blood flow
percentage
true
(15% constantly going into brain)
importance of constant blood supply to the brain
- oxygen flows freely across BBB
- carbon dioxide (metabolic waste) removed
The brain consumes about half of the ________ circulating in the body.
A. oxygen
B. glucose
C. sodium
D. potassium
E. fatty acids
glucose
difference between oxygen and glucose transport from plasma to interstitial fluid of brain
oxygen - diffuses directly across BBB
glucose - membrane transporters required
progressive hypoglycemia is due to
results in
brain lack of glucose
confusion, unconsciousness, death
primary blood flow to the brain from which arteries
internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries
primary blood flow away from brain
internal jugular veins
internal carotid arteries originate from ______.
vertebral arteries originate from ________.
common carotid artery
subclavian artery
internal carotid arteries branch into ______.
vertebral arteries branch into ________ which then extend into ______.
anterior and middle cerebral arteries
basilar artery; posterior cerebral artery
the arteries of the brain are branched in a ring structure
what is this called
why is it beneficial
an anastomosis - circle of willis
allows for collateral circulation - if one area is clotted the other vessels will bypass clot and supply brain
the middle cerebral artery is an extension of what arterie(s), supplies what region of the brain
clots result in
common carotid --> internal carotid
supplies the outer surface of the brain
stroke --> motor function and language issues
the anterior cerebral artery supplies the
frontal inner surface
what artery is believed to clot the most in the brain
middle cerebral artery
endothelial cells in the blood brain barrier linked by ______ junctions
tight
primary functions of blood brain barrier include
limited paracellular flux
regulate composition and volume of interstitial fluid
blood brain barrier composed of
endothelial cells
astrocyte foot processes
basal lamina
pH in blood interstitial fluid vs plasma
roughly what is the pH of IF
why is it lower or higher?
pH is lower in IF (about 7.33)
due to higher pCO2
protein content in blood interstitial fluid vs plasma
low protein content in IF
low buffering capacity
_______ (low/high) protein content in plasma, what effect does this have on buffering capacity
high - high buffer capacity
glucose concentration blood interstitial fluid vs plasma
lower in IF
K+ concentration in blood interstitial fluid vs plasma
lower in IF
concentration of HCO3- blood interstitial fluid vs plasma
lower in IF
a change in ph is more likely to occur in
interstitial fluid --> low protein content and therefore low buffering capacity
neurons and glial cells are surrounded by _______ fluid
interstitial
absorption in the brain refers to moving in/out of plasma/IF
secretion in the brain refers to moving in/out of plasma/IF
absorption = Into plasma
secretion = Into IF
The BBB and neurovascular unit is composed of
glial cells --> microglia and astrocyte
endothelial cells
pericytes
capillary
neuron
pericytes of the neurovascular unit function in
contractility and production of angiogenic factors
what are the 4 types of pathologies the blood brain barrier is involved in
blood vessel related
bacterial or virus related
psychological
age related dysfunction
Why do seizures often accompany brain injuries, such as stroke?
seizure = many different action potentials firing at the same time
primary functions of CSF
maintain chemical stability
removal of waste
cushion and protection, absorb shock
which ventricles in the brain are connected?
what are they connected by?
Lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle - interventricular foramen
3rd and 4th ventricle - cerebral aqueduct
CSF leaves the fourth ventricle via ___________ and enters __________ then ________ then _______
lateral apertures or median aperture
subarachnoid space
arachnoid villi
dural venous sinus (in between dura mater fibrous layers)
what kind of movement is involved in the circulation of CSF
diffusion
what type of cells in the choroid plexus responsible for generation of cerebrospinal fluid
mechanism
ependymal cells
selectively pumps sodium and solutes from plasma into the ventricles and draws water into the ventricles through osmotic pressure
What did the authors of the assigned paper discover?
Extracellular volume increased by 60% during sleep.
The hormone noradrenaline increase the cells size when awake.
Glial cells control flow through the glymphatic system by changing their sizes.
More than one answer is correct.
A and C
during sleep brains extracellular volume more than doubles due to
shrinking of glial cells
hormone norepinephrine
If one's blood brain barrier (BBB) is compromised, initially
the membrane potential of the effected neurons is more depolarized.
the membrane potential of the effected neurons is more hyperpolarized.
the membrane potential of the effected neurons remains the same.
depolarized
K+ ECF concentration is increased as K+ flows out!
White matter is composed of
location in brain vs spine
myelinated axons
white matter inner brain
white matter outer in spine
The elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are known as __________ while the shallow grooves are termed __________.
deeper grooves are termed
gyri; sulci
fissures
4 regions of the brain
cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum
what brain region is associated with autonomic and reflex centers
brainstem
what brain region is associated with balance and coordinated movements
cerebellum
what brain REGION is associated with higher brain functions
cerebrum
what brain region is associated with homeostatic centers
diencephalon
brain gray matter is organized into
which layers contain sensory receptors?
which are output neurons?
6 layers - neocortex - column formation
those closest to skull 1,2,3,4
5,6 - more pyramidal cells
temporal lobe associated with
hearing
language comprehension
smell
Cerebral Hemispheres: Left
controls right side of body
language localized
somatosensory cortex located in what lobe
important sensations associated
parietal lobe
pain, touch, temperature, proprioception
"the fifth lobe of the brain"
insula
separate lateral fissure, connected to functions of parietal, temporal, and frontal lobe
portion of gustatory cortex
true or false:
frontal lobe is the seat of intelligence
false
important functions of the frontal cortex
hypothesis generation
inhibitions / impulse control
working memory
organization / planning
what separates the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe and the somatosensory cortex of the parietal lobe
central sulcus
primary motor cortex controls which type of movements
located in what lobe
voluntary movement
frontal
brocas area
location and function
frontal lobe, production of speech
what part of the brain is associated with comparing reward and punishment during decision making processes (compare expected with actual outcomes)
located in what lobe
orbitofrontal cortex
frontal lobe
olfactory bulb directly synapses with what cortex
how is this adaptive
orbitofrontal cortex
animals sense of smell -- quick decision making if in danger, etc.
spatial awareness and proprioception associated with what lobe of the brain
what is proprioception
parietal
awareness of body in space
what cortex is post central gyrus?
pre central gyrus?
post - somatosensory cortex
pre - motor cortex
where is the primary gustatory cortex located?
parietal lobe
this lobe of the brain is closely located and related to the hippocampus, it plays a role in memory formation
other functions of this lobe
temporal lobe
also auditory sensation and language comprehension
primary olfactory cortex located in which lobe of the brain
temporal
Role of primary visual cortex and association visual cortex
primary = 2-d sketch
association = interpretation of info, fill in depth and color, texture
speech is more associated with which hemisphere
Left
math and logic associated with which brain hemisphere
left
face recognition and other visual imagery more associated with hemisphere of the brain
right
angular gyrus
function and location
closely related to wernickes and language comprehension / integration center
superior edge of temporal lobe
primary language areas include
brocas, wernickes, angular gyrus, arcuate fasciculus
arcuate fasciculus
A white matter tract that connects Broca's Area and Wernicke's Area
association fiber
white fibers in same hemisphere are known as
association fibers
white fibers that connect cerebral regions to brain stem regions are known as
projection fibers
Note 
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