Chapter 28 A&PII

both male and female reproduction involve production of specialized cells that merge to form

offspring

functions of reproductive system

production of gametes: — in males and — in females

sperm cells, eggs/oocytes

functions of reproductive system

fertilization: the — in males nourishes sperm cells until mature, deposited in the female reproductive tract by the —. The female reproductive system receives the sperm cells from the male and transports them to the —

duct system, penis, fertilization site

functions of reproductive system

development and nourishment of new individual: nurturing a new individual in the — until birth and providing nourishment — after birth

uterus, milk

functions of reproductive system

production of reproductive hormones: control of development of reproductive system and — body form and for — behavior

gender-specific, reproductive

Meiosis: creates — cells

haploid

Testes: located outside the —, sperm require — for development

body cavity, optimal temperature

testis are both: — and —

exocrine and endocrine

testis exocrine and endocrine function

sperm cells, testosterone

testes coverings

tunica albuginea: — that penetrates testis to divide it into —

connective tissue, lobules

testes

— divide testes into lobules which contain — and — that secrete testosterone

septa, seminiferous tubules, interstitial/Leydig cells

tubes through which sperm move

— for sperm production

tubuli —

rete —

and — ductules

pathway to —

seminiferous tubules, recti, testis, efferent, epididymis

epididymis is for — and —

storage and maturation

sperm cell development

begins in — at time of puberty

seminiferous tubules

sperm cell development

— divide with mitosis to form —

spermatogonia divide to form primary spermatocytes

sperm cell development

primary spermatocytes divide to form —- which divide to form —

secondary spermatocytes, spermatids

sperm cell development

spermatids develop an — and a — to become sperm cells

acrosome, flagellum

sperm cell development

— cells nourish the sperm cells, form a blood-testis barrier, and produce hormones. — produce testosterone

sustentacular cells, interstitial cells

primary spermatocytes divide in — of —

secondary spermatocytes divide in — of —

first division of meiosis, second division of meiosis

efferent ductules lead out of the testis into the —

epididymis

ductus deferens passes from epididymis into —

abdominal cavity

duct deferens, blood and lympathic vessels, nerves etc are part of —

spermatic cord

ejaculatory duct joining of — and —

ductus deferens and seminal vescile

ejaculatory duct extend into the — and empty into the —

prostate gland, prostatic urethra

urethra extends from — to distal end of —

urinary bladder, penis

urethra passageway for — and —

urine and male reproductive fluids

urethra has — parts

3

prostatic urethra: connect to — passes through —

bladder, prostate

membranous urethra: extends through —

perineum

spongy or penile urethra: passes through the —

penis

penis functions: —, serves as vehicle for injecting — into —

urination, sperm, vagina

penis: columns of erectile tissue that engorge with —

blood

penis: — leads to external —

spongy urethra, external urethra orifice

accessory glands

seminal vesicles: empty into —, produce —% of semen

ejaculatory duct, 60

accessory glands

prostate gland: empties into —. produces about —% of semen

thin, milky secretion with — pH

prostatic urethra, 30, high

accessory glands

bulbourethral glands: empties into —, contributes about —% to semen

— secretion helps neutralize — of female vagina

spongy urethra, 5, mucous secretion, neutralize pH

regulation of hormone secretion for males

— is produced in the hypothalamus and released

GnRH

regulation of hormone secretion for males

GnRH stimulates — and — release from the anterior pituitary

LH and FSH

regulation of hormone secretion for males

LH targets the — cells and stimulates the cells to product —

interstitial cells, testosterone

regulation of hormone secretion for males

FSH targets the — and stimulates —

seminiferous tubules, sperm production

regulation of hormone secretion for males

inhibin produced by — inhibits — secretion

Sertoli cells, FSH

puberty in males

from birth to puberty, no stimulation of —

secretion of testosterone

puberty in males

puberty: age at which individuals become capable of —

sexual reproduction

puberty in males

prior to puberty: small amounts of testosterone from adrenal gland inhibits —

GnRH

puberty in males

at puberty, — becomes less sensitive to testosterone inhibition. Amount of — increases. amount of — and — increase

hypothalamus, GnRH, LH, FSH

puberty in males

elevated — cause sperm cell formation

elevated — cause interstitial cells to secrete larger amounts of testosterone

FSH, LH

effects of testosterone

— and the adrenal cortex as well as the — produce testosterone

interstitial cells, sustentacular cells

effects of testosterone

development of male sex organs in embryo and stimulates —

descent of the testes

effects of testosterone

— stimulation

enlargement of the larynx and — of voice

increased —, melanin, and —

increased proteins synthesis, bone growth, and —

increased — rate

hair growth, deepening of voice, skin thickness, sebum production, blood cell synthesis, metabolic

male sexual behavior

involves erection of —, secretion of mucus into —, emission and —

penis, urethra, ejaculation

male sexual behavior

parasympathetic stimulation: — of blood vessels during erection and mucus production

vasodilation

male sexual behavior

sympathetic and somatic motor output: constriction of — of urinary bladder and ejaculation

internal sphincter

ovarian histology

outermost covering: — also called visceral peritoneum

ovarian epithelium

ovarian histology

tunica albuginea: capsule of dense —

fibrous connective tissue

ovarian histology

ovary is divided:

cortex: outer, dense, contains —

medulla: inner, looser. contains —

follicles with oocytes, blood vessels, nerves, lympathic vessels

oogenesis and fertilization

oogonia proliferate and become — that are in prophase I

primary oocytes

oogenesis and fertilization

primary oocytes surrounded by —

granulosa cells grow into —

primordial follicle when oocyte and — enlarge

granulosa cells, primordial follicle, granular cells

oogenesis and fertilization

primary follicle goes to —

enlarges to form — follicle

secondary follicle, mature

oogenesis and fertilization

prior to ovulation, a — completes meiosis I and produces an — and —

primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, polar body

oogenesis and fertilization

ovulation is the release of a — from an ovary

secondary oocyte

oogenesis and fertilization

secondary oocyte will undergo — which is only completed if fertilization occurs with sperm cell

second meiotic division

oogenesis and fertilization

fertilization is when the — and — unite to form a zygote

oocyte nucleus, sperm cell nucleus

oogenesis and fertilization

following ovulation, the granulosa cells divide rapidly and enlarge to form the —

corpus luteum

if pregnancy occurs, the — persists

if no pregnancy occurs, it becomes the —

corpus luteum, corpus albicans

uterine tubes: transport oocyte or zygote from — to —

ovary to uterus

ovarian end of the uterine tube is expanded as the —

infundibulum

fimbrae: long thin processes that extends from the —

infundibulum

infundibulum connects to — which is the widest part where fertilization occurs

ampulla

isthmus: narrowest part close to —

uterus

uterine tubes have — layers

three

three layers: —,—,—

outer serosa, middle muscular layer, inner mucousa

three layers: provides — for oocyte

— moves fluid and oocyte mass through the tube toward uterus

oocyte, cilia

uterus parts: —,—,—, and —

body, isthmus, cervix, fundus

uterus: perimertrium: — membrane

serous

uterus: myometrium: —

smooth muscle

uterus: endometrium: —

mucous membrane

vagina:

female organ of —

allows — and —

copulation, menstrual flow and childbirth

vagina

muscular walls with mucous membrane lining —

moist stratified squamous epithelium

vagina: longitudinal — and transverse

— covers the vaginal opening

folds, rugae, hymen

mammary glands

organs of — located within —

milk production, mammae

mammary glands:

consists of glandular lobes with — and —

— support the breasts

lactiferous ducts and adipose tissue, ligaments

puberty

beings with — or first menstrual bleeding

begins when — levels increase

menarche, GnRH

menstrual cycle:

about — days on average

28

ovarian cycle

changes in ovaries

uterine cycle

changes in uterus

amenorrhea: absence of —

menstrual cycle

menopause: — of menstrual cycle

cessation

ovarian cycle

follicular phase: occurs before —

primordial follicle develops into a — as a primary oocyte within undergoes —

ovulation, mature follicle, meiosis I

ovarian cycle

follicular phase: follicles develop in response to —

follicles release — leading to surge of — and — which triggers ovulation

FSH, estrogen, LH, FSH

ovarian cycle

luteal phase: occurs after —

following ovulation, follicle forms — which secretes estrogen and progesterone which decreases —,—,—

ovulation, GnRH, LH, FSH

ovarian cycle

luteal phase: at end of luteal phase if no fertilization, — degenerates, — levels drop, and — is shed

fertilization results in — production, keeping corpus luteum alive

corpus luteum, progesterone, endometrium, hCG

uterine cycle

menses: the apical portion of the — is the functional layer. It sloughs off as the — remain in a constricted state in response to low levels of — depriving the functional layer of an adequate blood supply. Functional layer tissue and some blood make up most of the —. The basal layer of endometrium remins —

endometrium, spiral arteries, progesterone, menstrual fluid, intact

uterine cycle

proliferation phase: epithelial cells of the basal layer of the endothelium proliferate in response to —. as a result, the epithelial cells and loose connective tissue one which they rest form the —. The spiral arteries found in the — between the spiral glands nourish the —

estrogen, tubular spiral glands, spiral glands, functional layer

uterine cycle

secretory phase: epithelial cells of the basal and functional layers undergo — in response to —. as a result the spiral glands become more —. consequently the endometrial layer reaches its —. the spiral arteries can be seen in the loose connective tissue between the —. the spiral arteries remain dilated due to the presence of —

hypertrophy, progesterone, elongated, greatest thickness, spiral glands, progesterone

female sex behavior

depends on hormones: — and —

depends on —

androgens and steroids, psychological factors

female sex act parasympathetic stimulation

blood engorgement in — and around —

erect —

mucous like fluid extruded into —

clitoris and vaginal opening, nipples, vagina and through wall

female fertility

sperm ejaculated into — and transported through — and — to —

vagina, cervix, uterine tubes to ampulla

female fertility

sperm ells release — to penetrate cervical mucus and oocyte membrnae

acrosomal enzymes

pregnancy

oocyte can be fertilized up to — after ovulation

24 hours

fertilization

occurs in —

uterine tubes