advanced micro exam #1

what are 3 foods we wouldn’t have without fermentation?

beer, cheese, kombucha

microorganisms that cause disease are called?

pathogens

what are two examples of prokaryotic organisms?

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)

what type of eukaryotic microbe is photosynthetic?

algae

what kind of pathogen is acellular?

virus

what’s the name of unicellular fungi?

yeast

in binomial nomenclature, an organism’s scientific name includes its

genus and species

prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cell

prokaryotic:

• no nucleus

• bacteria and archaea

eukaryotic:

• nucleus

• fungi, helmiths, protists

• 
  

*need to know difference to be able to target bacteria and issues w/o hurting our own cells

what are the two major types of prokaryotic organims?

bacteria and archaea

arranage from small to large —> bacterial cell, plant cell, virus, protein

protein>virus>bacterial cell>plant cell

from broades to narrowest, what are the 9 levels of organisms

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, strain

what’s the term for comma-shaped bacteria?

vibrio

which bacterial structures are important for adherence to surfaces?

fimbrae and capsules

what are bacterial cell walls composed of?

peptidoglycan

what eukaryotic organelles are derived from endosymbiosis with bacteria, and what bacteria did these organelles come from?

mitochondria (from alphaproteobacteria) and chloroplasts (plastids) from cyanobacteria

which type of nutrient uptake involves the engulfment of small dissolved molecules into vesicles?

pinocytosis

label the parts of ths prokaryotic cell

a. fimbrae

b. cytoplasm

c. nucleiod

d. flagellum

e. cell wall

f. plasma membrane

label the parts of the eukaryotic cell

a. plasma membrane

b. nucleus

c. nucleolus

d. mitochondria

e. centrioles

f. endoplasmic reticulum

what are unicellular, prokaryotic microorganisms that differ from bacteria in their genetics, biochemistry, and ecology ?

archaea

what is germ theory?

bacterial or viral organisms (pathogens/germs) can invade the body, causing specific diseases —> casuative agents of diseases

• importance: limiting disease transmission, preventing diseases, and targeting microbial replication to treat the disease

what is evidence that supports the endosymbiotic theory?

endosymbiotic theory: mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by a large host cell

• the structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts is similar to bacteria

• mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membranes

which domains are prokaryotic?

bacteria and archaea

what can we infer about conditions on Earth billions of years ago based on deeply branching bacteria and archaea?

it was hot, high UV exposure, no oxygen (anaerobic)

what is a bacterial endospore?

structure formed in the cell of the bacteria to protect/help them from harsh environments

• hard to control —> they live for thousands of years and can withstand harsh chemicals

gram positive vs. gram negative cells

• gram-positive cells: thick peptidoglycan cell wall

—> purple; exterior of the cell membrane

• gram-negative cells: thin peptidoglycan cell wall

—> pink; between two membranes

what features of the class Alphaproteobacteria are relevant to the endosymbiosis event that led to the mitochondria?

• double-membraned structure

• intracellular parasites in host cellsl

what microorganism is the causative agent of stomach ulcers?

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)

what two genera are both low G+C gram-positive spore-formers that contain several species of lethal pathogens?

Clostridium and Bacillus

what domain of life contains no known pathogenic or parasitic organisms?

archaea

bacteria vs. eukaryotes

• bacteria:

ribosome - 70S (overall coefficient size)

location - nucleiod

cell wall - peptidoglycan

structure produced during harsh conditions: endospore

• eukaryotic:

ribosome - 80S (overall coefficient size)

location - nucleus

cell wall - cellulose (or chitin)

structure produced during harsh conditions - cyst

what is the totality of forms of prokaryotes (particularly bacteria) living in certain region of the human body (mouth, throat, eye, etc.) is called?

the microbiota of the region

what are the types of symbiotic relationships?

mutualism —> benefitted, benefitted

amensalism —> harmed, unaffected

commensalism —> benefitted, unaffected

neutralism —> unaffected, unaffected

parasitism —> benefitted, harmed

coliforms vs. noncoliforms

coliforms: ferment lactose completely (produces gas and acid)

noncoliforms: fermet lactose incompletely or not at all

*both contains several species of intestinal pathogens (E. coli - coliform that contains strains of instinal pathogens as well)

what are the oxygens levels in each test tube?

obligate aerobes —> top

obligate anaerobes —> bottom

faculative anaerobes —> clumped at top and spread down

aerotolerant anaerobes —> spread out from top to bottom

microaerophiles —> small clump a little bit from the top

which domain does not include prokaryotes?

eukarya

whikch protist is a concern because of its ability to contaminate water supplies and cause diarrheal illness

Giardia

why are some fungi proven to be medically useful?

because they can be used to produce antibiotics

which species is the most common cause of human yeast infections?

Candida albicans

what are the 3 structures that can be used by protozoa for locomotion?

cilia, flagella, and pseudopods

what disease is caused by apicomplexans, leads to hundreds of thousands of human deaths per year, and is best prevented through use of a mosquito net?

malaria

why is it harder to treat diseases caused by eukaryotes compared to diseases caused by bacteria?

eukaryotes have a similar cell biology to humans

—> makes it hard to find treatment that wouldn’t hurt human’s cells

why are mold spores so dangerous?

because they are airborne → enter lungs and colonize

what effect might a toxoplasmosis infection have?

change in personality and birth defects

what are the components of a virus that are extended from the envelope for attachment?

spikes

what is the virus that infects a bacterium?

bacteriophage

what viral life cycle leads to the complete destruction of the host cell?

the lytic life cycle

• virulent phages use the lytic life cycle

what treatments exist for a prion infection?

none

what infectious agent does not have nucleic acid?

prions

what’s the enzyme from HIV that can make a copy of DNA from RNA called?

reverse transcriptase

what does an animal cell look like?

this>

label the bacteriophage

a. capsid

b. viral genome

c. sheath

d. tail fibers

what are the 5 stages of a bacteriophage infection?

a. attachment

b. penetration

c. biosynthesis

d. maturation

e. lysis

general vs. specialized transduction

• generalized transduction: a random piece of host DNA is picked up with viral DNA during the assembly step of the lytic cycle

• specialized transduction: prophage is excised, and virus takes DNA near where the prophage was on the bacterial chromosome

—> occurs at the end of lysogenic cycle (induction)

what disease symptoms are observed in animals infected with prions?

brain damage, dementia, loss of motor coordination, and death

lytic vs. lysogenic cycle

lytic cycle: leads to death of the host

lysogenic cycle: leads to the presence of a prophage inside the host chromosome

what do phycologists study?

algae

what are the three domains of life?

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

what domain of life includes helmets?

eukarya

what does LUCA stand for?

Last

Universal

Common

Ancestor

(single-celled organisms from which all life on earth today descends)

what is biolgical evidence of what earth was like when it began to emerge?

deeply branching bacteria and archaea

what is the group of photosynthetic bacteria that caused mass extinction due to oxygen production and was involved in the endosymbiosis event that orginally led to the chloroplast?

cynobacteria

what is the broad category of organisms that steal the host’s nutrients/resources and damage the host through starvation?

parasites