biofsds

All fungi are \_____.

A. heterotrophic
B. symbiotic
C. pathogenic
D. flagellated
E. decomposers

A

Fungal digestion \_____.

A. takes place inside a stomach-like structure
B. does not occur, as fungi do not digest nutrients
C. takes place inside a food vacuole
D. is extracellular, meaning that it takes place outside the organism

D

The vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are \_____.
1) composed of hyphae
2) referred to as a mycelium
3) usually underground

A. 2 and 3
B. 1 and 2
C. only 2
D. 1 and 3
E. 1, 2, and 3

E

The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to \_____.

A. avoiding sexual reproduction until the environment changes
B. the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms
C. the increased probability of contact between different mating types
D. an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition
E. the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats

D

Long, branching fungal filaments are called \_____.

A. mycelia
B. ascus
C. roots
D. hyphae
E. septa

D

Experiments with isotopes used as tracers showed that some fungi \_____.

A. take carbon dioxide from plants
B. help plants by providing them with sugar
C. obtain sugars from plants in exchange for phosphorus, nitrogen, and other soil nutrients
D. take nutrients from plants

C

Fungi with hyphae \_____.

A. have cell walls that consist mainly of cellulose microfibrils
B. have a body plan that is a unicellular sphere
C. reproduce asexually by a process known as budding
D. acquire their nutrients by phagocytosis
E. are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources

E

It has been hypothesized that fungi and plants have a mutualistic relationship because plants make sugars available for the fungi's use. What is the best evidence in support of this hypothesis?

A. Fungi associated with plants have the ability to undergo photosynthesis and produce their own sugars, while those not associated with plants do not produce their own sugars.
B. Fungi survive better when they are associated with plants.
C. Radioactively labeled sugars produced by plants eventually show up in the fungi with which they are associated.
D. Radioactive labeling experiments show that plants pass crucial raw materials to the fungus for manufacturing sugars.

C

Animals that feed primarily or exclusively on plants and algae are classified as \_______.

A. herbivores
B. detritivores
C. omnivores
D. carnivores

A

In examining an unknown animal species during its embryonic development, how can you be sure what you are looking at is a protostome and not a deuterostome?

A. You see a well-developed coelom.
B. The animal is clearly bilaterally symmetrical.
C. You see a mouth, but not an anus.
D. There is evidence of cephalization.
E. The animal is triploblastic.

C

Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) true?
1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi.
2. All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect.
3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic.
4. Animals only reproduce sexually.
5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.

A. 3, 4, and 5
B. 1 and 2
C. 2 and 4
D. 5 only
E. 3 and 5

E

What is significant about cephalization?

A. It allows animals to be triploblastic.
B. The division of body parts allows repetition of important structures.
C. It is the basis for radial symmetry.
D. A concentration of sensory organs allows better detection of threats for motile organisms.

D

Why was the evolution of a coelom a critically important innovation for animals?

A. The coelom separates vertebrates from invertebrates.
B. The coelom can act as a hydrostatic skeleton.
C. The coelom made it possible for animals to colonize land.
D. The coelom gives rise to a complex nervous system

B

Which of the following is (are) unique to animals?

A. nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement
B. flagellated gametes
C. cells that have mitochondria
D. heterotrophy
E. the structural carbohydrate, chitin

A

The larvae of some insects are merely small versions of the adult, whereas the larvae of other insects look completely different from adults, eat different foods, and may live in different habitats. Which of the following is most directly involved in the evolution of these variations in metamorphosis?

A. the evolution of meiosis
B. changes in the homeobox genes governing early development
C. artificial selection of sexually immature forms of insects
the origin of a brain
D. the development of an oxidizing atmosphere on Earth

B

Which of the following is most likely to be aquatic?

A. fluid feeder
B. deposit feeder
C. suspension feeder
D. mass feeder

C

Why do some researchers maintain that the limbs of all animals are homologous?

A. They all function in the same way - in locomotion.
B. Their structure - particularly the number and arrangement of elements inside the limb - is the same.
C. Animal appendages are too complex to have evolved more than once.
D. Homologous genes, such as Dll , are involved in their development.

D

Some sea anemones can produce large colonies by reproducing asexually, but they can also produce planktonic larvae by reproducing sexually. Predict the circumstances under which asexual reproduction would be favored.

A. lack of resources, predation, infection
B. plenty of resources such as space and food
C. plenty of sunlight
D. lack of sunlight

B

Predict the circumstances under which sexual reproduction would be favored.

A. lack of resources, predation, infection
B. plenty of sunlight
C. plenty of resources such as space and food
D. lack of sunlight

A

What group was likely ancestral to land plants?

A. multicellular green algae found in freshwater habitats
B. multicellular green algae found in marine habitats
C. multicellular brown algae found in terrestrial habitats
D. multicellular brown algae found in marine habitats

A

The major function of the medicinal compounds in plants is to \_____.

A. attract pollinators for seed dispersal
B. defend the plant against microbes
C. attract insects and birds to spread seeds and fruits
D. defend the plant against herbivores

D

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to \_____.

A. flowering plants
B. charophytes (stoneworts)
C. mosses
D. gymnosperms
E. ferns

E

The appearance of cuticle and stomata correlated with what event in the evolution of land plants?

A. the first woody tissues
B. the evolution of the first water-conducting tissues
C. growth on land
D. the first erect growth forms

C

In the process of alternation of generations, the \_____.

A. gametophyte is diploid and produces gametes
B. gametophyte is haploid and produces spores
C. spores unite to form a zygote
D. sporophyte is haploid and produces gametes
E. sporophyte is diploid and produces spores

E

Why are seedless vascular plants considered paraphyletic rather than monophyletic?

A. Some of the groups within the seedless vascular plants are more closely related to each other than to other groups (such as Lycophyta).
B. All of the groups contained within the seedless vascular plants do not have the same ancestor.
C. They share a more recent common ancestor with seeded plants than they do with the non-vascular plants.
D. The group includes their common ancestor but also the seeded descendants of that same ancestor.

D

Which of these time intervals, based on plant fossils, came last (most recently)?

A. Silurian-Devonian explosion with fossils of plant lineages that contain most of the major morphological innovations
B. colonization of land by early liverworts and mosses
C. carboniferous swamps with giant horsetails and lycophytes
D. rise and diversification of angiosperms
E. extensive growth of gymnosperm forests

D

Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success?

A. sperm cells without flagella
B. embryos enclosed within seed coats
C. wind pollination
D. dominant gametophytes
E. fruits enclosing seeds

E

According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats \_____.

A. in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil
B. in conjunction with insects that pollinated them
C. to escape abundant herbivores in the oceans
D. only about 150 million years ago

A

Most moss gametophytes do not have a cuticle and are 1-2 cells thick. What does this imply about moss gametophytes and their structure?

A. Photosynthesis occurs throughout the entire gametophyte surface.
B. They use stomata for gas exchange regulation.
C. They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere.
D. They have branching veins in their leaves.

C

What trait gives seeds an advantage over spores?
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A. Long-lived
B. Contain nutrients
C. Small in size
D. Protected from the environment

B

What do seeds contain?

A. mature sporophyte and nutritive tissue
B. female gametophyte and nutritive tissue
C. embryo and nutritive tissue
D. male gametophyte and nutritive tissue

C

In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis?

A. haploid sporophytes
B. diploid spores
C. diploid gametes
D. haploid spores
E. haploid gametes

C

What does the directed-pollination hypothesis suggest?

A. Plants are only directly pollinated when other plants of the same species are nearby.
B. Plants that self-pollinate are directed (triggered) to do so by the absence of nearby plants of their species.
C. Natural selection has favored flower traits (scent, shape, color) that attract pollinating animals.
D. Pollination is a process that is directed (triggered) by key plant hormones.

C

About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have \_____.

A. been covered with tall forests in swamps that became today's coal
B. looked very similar to that of today, with flowers, grasses, shrubs, and trees
C. had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock
D. been completely bare rock, with little pools that contained bacteria and cyanobacteria

C

What is the least likely impact the spraying of fungicide would have on soil-dwelling plants and animals?

A. Animal diversity would decrease.
B. Plant diversity would decrease.
C. Plant and animal diversity would decrease.
D. No impact.

D

Which of the following is an important role for fungi in the carbon cycle?

A. Fungi provide fixed carbon to plants for the production of plant cellular tissues.
B. Fungi fix carbon by undergoing photosynthesis.
C. Fungi release fixed carbon back to the environment for other plants and photosynthetic organisms to utilize.
D. Fungi reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide.

C

On which body segment are arthropod wings attached?

A. head
B. abdomen
C. thorax
D. evenly split between the abdomen and thorax

C

Why do crustaceans have a carapace?

A. It encases the sperm so it can be transferred to the female.
B. It help them to see better underwater.
C. It helps them to bite or chew their food.
D. It protects the cephalothorax.

D

The protostome developmental sequence arose just once in evolutionary history, resulting in two main subgroups—Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa. What does this finding suggest?

A. The protostomes are a polyphyletic group.
B. The lophotrochozoans are monophyletic.
C. These two subgroups have a common ancestor that was a deuterostome.
D. Division of these two groups occurred after the protostome developmental sequence appeared.

D

You find a multi-legged animal in your garden and want to determine if it is a centipede or a millipede. You take the animal to a university where a myriapodologist quickly tells you that you have found a centipede. Which of the following may have allowed her to make this distinction?

A. segmentation
B. poisonous fangs
C. molting
D. the total number of legs
E. egg-laying

B

What characterizes an ecdysozoan?

A. Ecdysozoans grow by molting.
B. Ecdysozoans practice suspension feeding.
C. Ecdysozoans reproduce clonally.
D. Ecdysozoans are sessile in the adult stage.

A

Predict why annelids and arthropods were thought to be closely related, before the phylogenetic analyses in the late 1990s.

A. They have segmented bodies, unlike other protostomes.
B. They have exoskeleton, unlike other protostomes.
C. They have unsegmented bodies, unlike other protostomes.
D. They are round warms, unlike other protostomes.

A

What would be the most direct effect of removing or damaging an insect's antennae? The insect would have trouble \_____.

A. seeing
B. mating
C. smelling
D. eating
E. hearing

C

Wormlike lineages of lophotrochozoans are distinguished by specialized \_____.

A. reproductive structures
B. mouthparts or feeding structures
C. appendages for movement
D. defensive toxins

B

You find what you believe is a new species of animal. Which of the following characteristics would enable you to argue that it is more closely related to a flatworm than it is to a roundworm?

A. It has a mouth and an anus.
B. It has no coelom.
C. It is a suspension feeder.
D. It has a cuticle that it sheds to grow.
E. It is shaped like a worm.

B

What is the function of the arthropod exoskeleton?

A. It makes growth by molting possible.
B. It has no well-established function. (Trilobites had an exoskeleton, and they went extinct.)
C. It provides protection and functions in locomotion.
D. Because hard parts fossilize more readily than do soft tissues, the presence of an exoskeleton has given arthropods a good fossil record.

C

A land snail, a clam, and an octopus all have \_____.

A. distinct cephalization
B. a mantle
C. gills
D. a radula
E. embryonic torsion

B

Among the invertebrate phyla, phylum Arthropoda is unique in possessing members that have \_____

A. a ventral nerve cord
B. wings
C. a cuticle
D. segmented bodies
E. open circulation

B

All arthropods \_____.
1) undergo complete metamorphose
2) have jointed appendages
3) molt
4) have segmented bodies
5) have an exoskeleton or cuticle

A. 1, 2, 3
B. 3 and 5
C. 1, 4, 5
D. 1, 2, and 4
E. 2, 3, 4, 5

E

The presence of a lophophore in a newly discovered species would suggest that the species \_____.

A. has an exoskeleton
B. is a suspension feeder
C. grows by shedding its external covering
D. is more closely related to an arthropod than a mollusk
E. is motile

B

The vertebrate spinal cord develops from the embryonic \_____.

A. podia
B. coelom
C. dorsal hollow nerve cord
D. pharyngeal pouch
E. notochord

C

A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles an ancient form. It has the following characteristics: external armor of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and a suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, it will probably have which of the following characteristics?

A. legs
B. an amniotic egg
C. no jaws
D. endothermy

C

There is some evidence that pharyngeal gill slits occur in certain species of echinoderms that appear early in the fossil record. If confirmed, what do these data suggest?

A. Pharyngeal gill slits were present in the earliest echinoderms and lost later.
B. Some lineages of echinoderms are more closely related to chordates than others.
C. Echinoderms are chordates.
D. Pharyngeal gill slits should not be used as a trait in phylogenetic analysis.

A

Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods?

A. an early terrestrial caecilian whose legless condition had evolved secondarily
B. an armored, jawed placoderm with two pairs of appendages
C. an early ray-finned fish that developed bony skeletal supports in its paired fins
D. a salamander that had legs supported by a bony skeleton but moved with the side-to-side bending typical of fishes
E. a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates

E

Which of the following characteristics evolved independently in mammals and birds?

A. amniotic eggs
B. endothermy
C. jaws
D. bone
E. bilateral symmetry

B

An elementary school science teacher decided to liven up the classroom with a saltwater aquarium. Knowing that saltwater aquaria can be quite a hassle, the teacher proceeded stepwise. First, the teacher conditioned the water. Next, the teacher decided to stock the tank with various marine invertebrates, including a polychaete, a siliceous sponge, several bivalves, a shrimp, several sea anemones of different types, a colonial hydra, a few coral species, an ectoproct, a sea star, and several herbivorous gastropod varieties. Lastly, she added some vertebrates—a parrotfish and a clownfish. She arranged for daily feedings of copepods and feeder fish. The bivalves started to die one by one; only the undamaged shells remained. To keep the remaining bivalves alive, the teacher would most likely need to remove the \_____.

A. sea star
B. sea anemones
C. gastropods
D. ectoprocts
E. parrotfish

A

Due to its system of air sacs connected to the lungs, the respiratory system of birds is arguably the most effective respiratory system of all air-breathers. Upon inhalation, air first flows into posterior air sacs, then into the lungs, and then into anterior air sacs on the way to being exhaled. Thus, there is one-way flow of air through the lungs, along thousands of tubules called parabronchi. Which type of bird is most likely to benefit from air sacs which reduce its weight?

A. diving birds
B. birds that chip away wood, such as woodpeckers
C. birds that rip apart prey, such as hawks and eagles
D. birds, such as geese, which migrate great distances

D

How did the evolution of the jaw contribute to diversification of early vertebrate lineages?

A. It paved the way for the evolution of the pharyngeal jaw.
B. It was the first stage in the development of a bony skull.
C. It made additional food sources available.
D. It increased the surface area for respiration and feeding.
E. It allowed for smaller body size.

C

The leading hypothesis for the origin of the jaw proposes that \______.

A. it resulted from mutations in the developmental regulatory genes that determine the morphology of the gill arches
B. it first occurred in the hagfish and the lamprey
C. it first occurred in the early tetrapods
D. it resulted from mutations in the developmental regulatory genes that determine the morphology of the rudimentary vertebral elements

A

When bone tissue first evolved in vertebrates, it was found within \_____.

A. a vertebra
B. an exoskeleton
C. a skull
D. a jaw
E. an endoskeleton

B

Which of these are amniotes?

A. fishes
B. lungfish
C. turtles
D. amphibians

C

To be ectothermic means that \______.

A. body heat is internally generated
B. the body is covered with an outer shell
C. body heat comes from an external source
D. the body is covered with fur or feathers for insulation

C