Study of "Marshmallow experiment" was popularized in
the 80s - 90s
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Selective attention
ability to tune into certain things while tuning out others
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Sustained or focused attention
maintaining that focus over time
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Eye-contact exercises
sustained attention improved when children needed to make eye contact with teacher before leaving the group in circle time
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Chants/Phrases to refocus
"crisscross apple sauce" ; "123 eyes on me" for selective attention ; refocusing
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Focus of self control and regulation has shifted to
broader concept self-regulation of emotions, cognitive processes, learning as opposed to deprivation and discipline
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Thought in research that “self-control is like
a muscle” , you need to build and strengthen , and it can get fatigued
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The marshmallow study is a popularized study at Stanford that looked at
children’s ability to delay instant gratification for a later reward
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The marshmallow study found correlation with
those who “waited” had later academic and employment success
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After 8 weeks, Neville found
positive changes in the way these children’s brains functioned and in their language skills, nonverbal IQ, and social skills, as well as a reduction in problem behaviors.
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Neville and her colleagues developed
a training program for children from low SES using games that allowed them to practice attention skills.
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Parents in Neville’s study
benefitted from the program, showing reduced stress and greater ability to maintain conversations with their children.
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Young children from low-income families may have
less effective selective attention
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Differences in attention in part to
heritable characteristics (nature), yet also influenced by experience (nurture)
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Ability to focus and sustain attention in preschool children has also been linked to
differences in families’ economic circumstances
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In a longitudinal study, parents rated
their 4-year-old child’s attention span and persistence.
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Children who were better able to maintain focused attention and who persisted even when faced with difficulties
had higher math and reading achievement at age 21 and a greater chance of college completion by age 25
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A 2005 longitudinal study of 1000 preschoolers showed that
children ranked low in attentional control had poorer social skills and peer relationships in 1st and 3rd grade
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Ability to attend to information critical foundational skill for
all learning, aspects of school readiness
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General rule of thumb:
2 - 3 minutes x age
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Can often focus on tasks of interest for
longer periods of time
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Child’s ability to ‘pay attention’ improves over
the preschool years, relative to toddlerhood, but still under development
Studied by 2 people
