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Hybridization

The mixing of atomic orbitals to form hybrid orbitals for bonding.

Molecular Polarity

Determined by electronegativity differences and molecular shape.

Nonpolar Shapes

Shapes that are typically nonpolar if all outer atoms are the same include linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, and octahedral.

Intermolecular Forces

The three types are London Dispersion, Dipole-Dipole, and Hydrogen Bonding.

London Dispersion Forces

Weak forces caused by temporary electron shifts, present in all molecules but strongest in large nonpolar molecules.

Example of London Dispersion Forces

CO₂, a nonpolar molecule.

Dipole-Dipole Forces

Attractions between permanent dipoles in polar molecules.

Example of Dipole-Dipole Forces

HCl, a polar molecule.

Hydrogen Bonding

A strong dipole-dipole attraction between hydrogen and nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine.

Example of Hydrogen Bonding

H₂O, or water.

Weakest Intermolecular Force

London Dispersion Forces.

Strongest Intermolecular Force

Hydrogen Bonding.