Chapter 3/4 Homework

C

Which of the following shares a basic body plan with bacteria?

A. Fungi

B. Algae

C. Archaea

D. Animals

E. Protozoans

D

A coccus is shaped as

A. a donut

B. a filament

C. a rod

D. a sphere

C, D, E, F

Choose characteristics that are common for bacteria and archaea? (Multi-select)

A. Cell walls made of carbohydrates

B. Capsules and slime layers found on most cells

C. Ribosomes present in cytoplasm

D. inclusions present in the cytoplasm

E. Chromosome organized as a nucleoid.

F. Motility structures such as flagella/archaella.

C

A cell envelope is ____.

A. all surface layers external to the cell wall

B. the plasma membrane and cell wall

C. the plasma membrane and all surface layers external to it

D. capsules or slime layers

A

Which of the following terms describes the way in which lipids and proteins behave in a membrane?

A. Fluid mosaic model

B. Endosymbiotic hypothesis

C. Permeable mosaic model

D. Rigid mosaic model

B, C

Identify all the general similarities between Bacteria and Archaea. (Multi-select)

A. Peptidoglycan cell walls

B. Smaller than eukaryotes

C. Lack membrane bound organelles

D. Structure of lipids in the cell membrane

A, B

Choose two ways in which archaeal phospholipids help hyperthermophiles adapt to their environment. (Multi-select)

A. Tetraether lipids are more rigid.

B. Ether links are more resistant to heat.

C. Ether links allow lipids to pack more loosely.

D. Tetraether lipids are impermeable to water.

C

Macroelements include which of the following?

A: amino acids, sugars, nucleotides. and lipids

B: proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and fats

C: carbon, sulfur, oxygen, hydrogen, and a few others

B, D

Which of the following characteristics distinguish bacteria from archaea?- Ribosomes present in cytoplasm (Multi-select)

A. Motility structures may be present

B. Presence of inclusions in the cytoplasm

C. Chromosome organized in a nucleoid

D. Capsules and slime layers found in many species

E. Presence of carbohydrates in cell walls

A

The location of the cell wall is ____.

A. just outside the plasma membrane

B. just inside the plasma membrane

C. surrounding the mitochondria

D. surrounding the nucleus

C

Bacterial cell walls are typically composed of ___________, a complex of sugars and amino acids, that forms a meshlike structure.

A. lysozome

B. cell envelope

C. peptidoglycan

D. cell walls

A

How does the rigidity of diether and tetraether lipids compare?

A. Tetraether lipids are more rigid.

B. Both are equally rigid.

C. Tetraether lipids are less rigid.

D

Which compounds typically give gram-positive bacterial cell walls their net-negative charge?

A. NAM

B. Lipopolysaccharides

C. NAG

D. Teichoic acids

E. Peptide interbridge

C

The cell envelope layer that lies just outside the plasma membrane is called the ____.

A. capsule

B. glycocalyx

C. cell wall

D. outer membrane

B

Which of the following has the thinner peptidoglycan layer?

A. Gram-positive bacteria

B. Gram-negative bacteria

B

Match the color with the cell type following a properly executed gram stain.

Pink

A. Gram-positive bacteria

B. Gram-negative bacteria

A

Match the color with the cell type following a properly executed gram stain.

Purple

A. Gram-positive bacteria

B. Gram-negative bacteria

D

Which structure of bacteria dictates the outcome of gram-staining?

A. Cell membrane

B. Capsule

C. Inner and outer cell membrane

D. Cell wall

B

The bacterial cell wall is composed of a complex of sugars and amino acids that is referred to as the ____ layer.

A. slime

B. peptidoglycan

C. periplasmic

D. polysaccharide

E. outer membrane

C

Capsules are typically ____.

A. yellow in color

B. loosely organized

C. well organized

B

Capsules are typically ___________

A: composed of proteins

B: composed of sugars

C: composed of nucleic acids

D: composed of lipids

C, D, E

Which three of the following are characteristics of teichoic acids?

A. Found in gram-negatives

B. Can aid motility

C. Negatively charged

D. Can be bound to peptidoglycan

E. Can be bound to lipids

C

Which of the following can form (oligomerize) spontaneously from simple subunits?

A. Capsule

B. Slime layer

C. S-layer

C

Which term includes the plasma membrane and everything inside it?

A. Cytosol

B. Cytoplasm

C. Protoplast

D. Envelope

A

Bacterial internal membrane structures are often connected to the _____.

A. plasma membrane

B. cytoskeleton

C. peptidoglycan

D. outer membrane

D

If the cell wall of a bacterium was removed, and then the cell was gram-stained, what color would it appear?

A. Purple

B. Green

C. Blue

D. Pink

D

Aggregates of materials, either organic or inorganic, within bacterial cells (not membrane-bound) are called _____.

A. anammoxosomes

B. vesicles

C. intracytoplasmic membranes

D. inclusions

C, D

Choose all features of capsules in typical Gram-negative bacteria.

A. They are composed of lipids.

B. They are located in the periplasmic space.

C. They are covalently attached to lipids in the outer membrane.

D. They are composed of sugars.

A

Which of the following aids in the cell shape?

A. S-layer

B. Slime layer

C. Capsule

A, B, D

Bacterial internal membranous structures may appear as [choose three]

A. spherical vesicles

B. flattened vesicles

C. spirals in the periplasmic space

D. tubular membranes

E. lipopolysaccharide

F. secreted vesicles

A, C

Which of the following statements about plasmids are true?

(Multiple select question.)

A. They can be linear or circular.

B. They are only found in bacteria.

C. A bacterium can carry numerous different plasmids.

D. They are part of the bacterial chromosome.

B

The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is _____ the bacterial and archaeal cytoskeletons.

A. equally as complex as

B. more complex than

C. less complex than

C

The hundreds of thin, short hair-like projections extending from the bacterial cell are called ____.

A. cilia

B. glycocalyx

C. pili

D. flagella

A

The irregularly shaped region in the cytoplasm of a bacterial or archaeal cell that contains the genetic material and some proteins is called the

A. nucleoid

B. nucleus

C. nuclear membrane

D. nuclear envelope

A, D

Select all correct statements regarding the structure of archaella.

A. They are thinner than bacterial flagella.

B. Archaella are hollow.

C. Their structure is identical to that of bacterial flagella.

D. They are composed of multiple types of archaellin subunits.

B

Small, double-stranded, circular pieces of DNA found in addition to the bacterial chromosome are called ____.

A. nucleoids

B. plasmids

C. ribosomes

D. chromatids

A

The bacterial and archaeal cytoplasms are organized by ____.

A. the cytoskeleton

B. macromolecular crowding

C. thousands of ribosomes

D. invaginations of the plasma membrane

A, D

Which of the following methods of movement found in bacteria are mediated by flagella?

(Multi-select)

A. swimming

B. twitching

C. gliding

D. swarming

D

Chemoreceptors and the chemosensing system of bacteria are located ____.

A. in the periplasmic space

B. in the cytoplasm

C. in the outer membrane

D. in the plasma membrane

A

Some bacteria can make a dormant structure, called a(n) ____________, which is resistant to many environmental conditions.

A. endospore

B. sporulation

C. cell wall

D. envelope

A

Five types of movement have been described in bacteria and archaea: swimming, flagella-mediated ____________, corkscrew movement, ____________ motility with the help of type IV pili, and gliding motility

A. swarming

B. twitching

D

When endospore-forming bacteria detect nutrient limitation, they

A. initiate the germination process.

B. begin depositing endospore coat layers.

C. release the endospore from the mother cell.

D. initiate endospore development.

When a bacterium is moving smoothly in a single direction, then it is said to be in a ______.

A. pursuit

B. marathon

C. tumble

D. run

A, E

Which two of the following are the major groups of eukaryotic microbes?

(Multi-select)

A, fungi

B. viruses

C. bacteria

D. archaea

E. protists

A

A chemical attractant must first bind to the ____ to trigger motility toward the source.

A. chemoreceptor

B. fimbriae

C. phagosome

D. axial flagella

E. flagella

C

What is the trigger for sporulation?

A. Radiation damage

B. Viral infection

C. Nutrient limitation

D. Temperature increase

C, E

The cell envelope includes ______.

(Multiple select question.)

A. the flagellum

B. the endoplasmic reticulum

C. the plasma membrane

D. the nuclear membrane

E. layers external to the plasma membrane

A, C, D

Select all correct statements regarding the size of different microbes.

(Multiple select question.)

Most eukaryotic cells are larger than most bacterial and archaeal cells.

Bacterial cells are always smaller than eukaryotic cells.

Some eukaryotic microbes are smaller than many bacteria and archaea.

Some bacteria and archaea are larger than the largest known protists.

B, C

Select all components of the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

A. Plasma membrane

B. Organelles

C. Cytosol

D. Cell wall

B

Materials are brought into the eukaryotic cell by which pathway?

A. Secretory

B. Endocytic

C. Glycolytic

D. Exocytic

B

In a eukaryotic cell, the _____________________ is an irregular network of branching and fusing membranous tubules and many flattened sacs called cisternae.

A. nuclear lamina

B. the endoplasmic reticulum

C. mitochondrial matrix

D. cytoskeleton

A

In eukaryotic cells, the organelle composed of a stack of flattened, saclike cisternae is called the _______.

A. Golgi apparatus

B. nuclear lamina

C. mitochondrial matrix

D. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

B

Materials are moved from location to location within the eukaryotic cell by which pathway?

A. Endocytic

B. Secretory

C. Phagocytic

D. Refractory

B

The general term for the process of moving of substances into the eukaryotic cell from the outside is

A. exocytosis

B. endocytosis

A, C, D

The secretory pathway of eukaryotic cells functions in moving materials

A. within the cell from place to place.

B. from the bloodstream into the tissues.

C. to the plasma membrane.

D. to the exterior of the cell.

E. from the external environment into the cell.

D

Compared to bacterial and archaeal ribosomes, eukaryotic ribosomes are _____.

A. about the same size

B. smaller

C. more variable in size

D. larger

A, D, F

What are the three most important energy-conserving cellular organelles?

(Multiple select question.)

A. hydrogenosomes

B. peroxisomes

C. autosomes

D. mitochondria

E. lysosomes

F. chloroplasts

A

Plants and photosynthetic protists have organelles called _______________ that often contain pigments and serve as sites of food storage.

A. plastids

B. plasmids

C. chloroplasts

D. mitochondria

C

Which of the following statement accurately compares eukaryotic, bacterial, and archaeal ribosomes?

A. Eukaryotic ribosomes are larger than bacterial and archaeal ribosomes but contain the same molecules.

B. Eukaryotic ribosomes are smaller than bacterial and archaeal ribosomes but contain the same molecules.

C. Eukaryotic ribosomes are larger than bacterial and archaeal ribosomes and contain different molecules.

D. Eukaryotic ribosomes are smaller than bacterial and archaeal ribosomes and contain different molecules

A, E

Which two prominent external structures of eukaryotic cells are associated with motility?

(Multiple select)

A. flagella

B. fimbriae

C. capsules

D. pili

E. cilia

E

Which statements about plastids are true?

A. Plastids are found in photosynthetic protists and plants.

B. Chloroplasts are one type of plastid.

C. Plastids often contain pigments.

D. Plastids can be a site of synthesis and storage of food reserves.

E. All of the above