renal

reduced renal reserve

gfr= 35-50% of the normal rate, serum BUN and creatinine are normal, no symptoms of impaired renal function

renal insufficiency

gfr= 20-35% of the normal rate, azotemia, anemia, hypertension, early symptoms= isosthenuria, polyuria isotonic with plasma

renal failure

gfr less than 20-25% of the normal rate, kidneys cannot regulate volume and solute composition, decreased urine output→ edema, metabolic acidosis, hypercalcemia. overt uremia→ neurologic, GI, CV complications

end stage renal disease

gfr less than 5% of the normal rate, atrophy and fibrosis in the glomeruli and tubules, dialysis or transplant necessary for survival