Poli 202 Singer Study Guide

Singer key concepts

Proximity vs. Distance

The ethical dilemma of whether we are more obligated to help those who are physically close or distant.

Fairness

The impartial treatment of individuals, particularly in the distribution of resources.

Main/Strong Argument

The argument for significantly increasing aid to those in extreme poverty.

“Moderate” Argument

A less demanding version of Singer’s argument, suggesting moderate charity rather than radical change.

Utility/Utilitarian

The ethical theory that actions should maximize overall happiness or well-being.

Marginal Utility

The additional benefit gained from consuming or using one more unit of a resource.

“moral conceptual scheme”

Singer argues that we should revise our moral conceptual scheme to extend equal consideration to all sentient beings, regardless of their nationality, species, or proximity to us. This includes prioritizing the prevention of suffering and death, especially when it is in our power to alleviate these without significant cost to ourselves.

Argument

Singer’s central thesis is the principle of equal consideration of interests: we should treat the suffering of others, whether human or non-human, as equally important as our own suffering.

His argument for this is that if we are capable of preventing suffering without sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we are morally obligated to do so. This applies both to individuals and to global humanitarian issues like famine, poverty, and animal rights.

Objections and Responses

Objection 1: Some argue that we have special obligations to those closer to us (family, countrymen).

Response: While we may have special duties to those with whom we have personal relationships, this doesn't mean we can ignore others’ suffering, especially when it can be alleviated with minimal sacrifice.

Objection 2: Critics argue that it's impractical to help everyone in need.

Response: Singer acknowledges the challenge but insists that the moral requirement to help is not negated by the difficulty of fulfilling it. Even small contributions can make a significant difference.

Is it in our power to save others from suffering and death?

Yes, it is in our power. Singer believes that, given the wealth and resources of affluent societies, we can alleviate suffering globally by contributing to aid organizations or changing consumption patterns.

Examples: Donating money to famine relief or ethical consumption to reduce animal suffering.

Strong vs Moderate Version

Strong Version: Singer argues that we should prevent suffering and death unless doing so requires sacrificing something of comparable moral significance. This version demands substantial moral commitments, such as giving up luxuries to help others.

Moderate Version: This version is less demanding, arguing that we should prevent suffering and death unless doing so requires a significant sacrifice that would cause harm to ourselves or our loved ones. It still advocates for helping but allows more room for personal discretion in how much to give.