Environmental Physics - Chapters 9, 10, and 11 Review

Review flashcards covering key concepts from Chapters 9, 10, and 11 of the Environmental Physics course.

What is the solar constant and its value?

The solar constant is the intensity of solar radiation incident on Earth, valued at 1360 W/m².

How does solar power consumption compare to Earth's solar power incident?

The solar power incident on Earth is approximately 10,000 times greater than the current energy consumption rate.

What factors determine solar insolation?

Solar insolation is determined by the latitude, season, time of day, atmospheric conditions, and local geography.

What are the main elements of a passive solar heating system?

The four essential elements are: a collector, high-R insulation, a design for uniform distribution, and energy storage.

How does the total power output of the Sun compare to solar energy consumption?

The total power output of the Sun is 3.84 x 10²⁶ W, which vastly exceeds human consumption.

What is the main difference between active and passive solar heating?

Active solar heating uses devices such as pumps and fans while passive solar heating avoids active devices and focuses on building design.

How does wind power change with wind speed?

The power available from wind increases as the cube of the wind speed.

What defines a P-type semiconductor?

A P-type semiconductor has an excess of holes, created by doping silicon with tri-valent impurities like Boron.

What is a PN Junction diode?

A PN Junction diode is formed by the joining of P-type and N-type semiconductors, allowing current to flow in one direction.

What is the maximum theoretical efficiency of silicon-based solar panels?

The maximum theoretical efficiency of silicon-based solar panels is 33%.

What are the two main methods of hydrogen production?

The two main methods are steam reforming and electrolysis.

What is the Betz Power Coefficient and its value?

The Betz Power Coefficient is a measure of the maximum extractable power from wind, valued at 59%.

What are the environmental impacts of hydropower plants?

Environmental impacts include changes to river flow, sedimentation patterns, displacement of wildlife, and potential for catastrophic failure.

What is the efficiency of PEMFCs (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells)?

The theoretical maximum efficiency for PEMFCs is 83%.

What is solar insolation under ideal conditions?

The solar insolation under ideal conditions can be around 1360 W/m², but actual values can be lower based on local conditions.

What are some challenges of transitioning to a hydrogen economy?

Challenges include the high cost of catalysts, low energy density of hydrogen, and safety concerns.