Biology Review Spring 2025

Which of the following statements is part of the cell theory?

All cells are produced from existing cells.

A number of scientists made contributions to the cell theory. Which scientist was the first to use a light microscope to observe cells in a slice of cork?

Robert Hooke

In the plasma membrane, the phospholipid heads

are hydrophilic and face outward toward the aqueous solution on both sides of the membrane.

The nucleus of the cell

Contains DNA

The function of mitochondria is

to make ATP

The Golgi apparatus

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins

Which of the following statements about lysosomes is true?

Lysosomes help to digest worn-out or damaged organelles.

Which of the following structures are typically present in both plant and animal cells?

mitochondria

The function of chloroplasts is

photosynthesis

Solute particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration in a process called

diffusion

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is known as

osmosis

Which of these does not affect the rate of diffusion?

The amount of light in the system.

What types of organisms go through photosynthesis?

Autotrophs

Which type of energy transformation occurs in photosynthesis?

Light to chemical

Which of the following is used by cells to store and release the energy needed to power cellular processes?

ATP

In addition to light and chlorophyll, photosynthesis requires

water and carbon dioxide.

The leaves of a plant appear green because chlorophyll

reflects green light.

The products of photosynthesis are

sugar and oxygen

The first process in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is

light absorption

Which substance from the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is a source of energy for the Calvin cycle?

NADPH

The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis are also known as the

Calvin Cycle

Respiration ______________, and cellular respiration __________.

is gas exchange; produces ATP

The overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------->6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

In a model summarizing cellular respiration, which of the following must be represented as raw materials, or the reactants of the process?

Glucose and oxygen

Which statement best describes an event represented in the model that contributes to the production of ATP?

Pyruvic acid is broken down to form carbon dioxide.

During glycolysis, what is the source of the chemical energy that is captured in ATP?

The chemical bonds in glucose.

What best describes the role of molecular oxygen (O2) in cellular respiration?

It accepts electrons when reacting to form water.

Which is a role of cellular respiration in cycling materials between the atmosphere and biosphere?

It transfers carbon to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.

The first step in releasing the energy in glucose in a cell is known as

glycolysis

The net gain of energy in glycolysis from one molecule of glucose is

In eukaryotes, the Krebs cycle takes place within the

mitochondria

The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to produce

move H+ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

In the electron transport chain of the cellular respiration process, NADH produces _______

ATP molecules and FADH2 produce _________ ATP molecules.

3, 2

Because fermentation takes place in the absence of oxygen, it is said to be

anaerobic

Most of the time, the process carried out by yeast that causes bread dough to rise is

alcoholic fermentation.

The creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent, without the participation of sperm and egg is called

asexual reproduction

Which of the following statements regarding prokaryotes is false?

Prokaryotic chromosomes are more complex than those of eukaryotes.

The process that increases genetic diversity within a population is

sexual reproduction.

Why is cell division a necessary process for cells to function?

If cells don't divide then the volume of the cells will be too small compared to the surface area of the cells.

Sister chromatids are

joined together at a centromere

Eukaryotic cells spend most of their cell cycle in which phase?

Interphase

Which of the following occurs during interphase?

Cell growth and duplication of the chromosomes.

The genetic material is duplicated during

S phase

Looking through a microscope, you spot an unusual cell. Instead of the typical rounded cell shape, the cell has a very narrow middle separation of two bulging ends. It sort of looks like the number 8. You realize that this cell is

undergoing cytokinesis.

Why is it necessary for the DNA to replicate prior to cell division?

So that each daughter cell will have a complete copy of the genetic material.

The number of chromosomes in a normal human cell.

46

What event will immediately follow the event shown in this image?

The cell will divide into two plant cells.

If the parent cell has a chromosome number of 2n = 12, what will be the chromosome number of the daughter cells? (after mitosis)

12

After meiosis, there are

four haploid cells.

Which type of cell can go through mitosis and meiosis?

Germ cells

Heredity

Transmission of traits from one generation to the next

Genetics

The scientific study of heredity

Law of independent assortment

The inheritance of one character has no effect of the inheritance of another character.

Multiple alleles

ABO blood group phenotype in

humans.

Pleiotropy

One gene influences multiple characters.

XY

male

Law of Segregation

A sperm or egg carries only 1 allele for each inherited character because alleles separate from each other during gamete gamete production.

polygenic inheritance

Traits controlled by 2 or more genes

XX

Female

Law of Incomplete Dominance

A dominant allele completely masks

the effects of a recessive allele.

Wild-type traits

Traits most often seen in nature

aren't necessarily specified by

dominant alleles.

Gregor Mendel crossed true-breeding plants that had green pea pods with true-breeding plants that had yellow pea pods. The resulting F1 generation all had green pea pods. What did he observe in the F2 generation?

Mendel observed green and yellow pea pods in a 3:1 ratio because the F1 generation was heterozygous.

What percent of the results are tall stems with smooth pods?

75%

Which of the following researchers used radioactive markers in experiments to show that DNA was the genetic material in cells?

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

The term for the two strands of DNA running in opposite directions is

antiparallel.

The monomers of DNA and RNA are

nucleotides.

To account for X-ray evidence that the fibers of DNA are probably twisted, Watson and Crick gave their model the shape of a

double helix.

Pyrimidines are nucleic acids with

single rings.

Adenine and Guanine are

purines.

If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous bases AACTG, the complementary strand has bases

TTGAC.