History level 3

Espionage act

a law passed by Congress in 1917 to make it illegal to spy, interfere with government foreign policy, or resist the military draft

Sedition act

a law passed by Congress in 1918 to make it illegal to say anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war effort

Wobblies

a nickname for members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), an anticapitalist labor organization founded in 1905

Schenck V. United States

the 1919 Supreme Court case that declared that Charles Schenck's propaganda efforts against the military draft were illegal under the Espionage Act of 1918 and were not protected by his First Amendment right to freedom of speech

Fourteen points

at the end of World War I, a 14-part plan for peace presented by President Woodrow Wilson to Congress on January 8, 1918

Freedom of seas

the principle that merchant ships have a right to travel freely and unthreatened in international waters in times of peace and war

Armaments

a weapon or piece of equipment used in war

League of nations

an international organization established by the Allied powers at the close of World War I to promote international peace and security

Territorial integrity

a diplomatic principle in which nations respect one another's borders and do not try to gain one another's territory by force

Big four

at the Paris peace conference, the nickname for the leaders of the four largest victorious nations of World War I, including U.S. president Woodrow Wilson, British prime minister David Lloyd George, French prime minister Georges Clemenceau, and Italian prime minister Vittorio Orlando

War guilt clause

a clause included in the Treaty of Versailles that held Germany responsible for World War I and required it to make reparations to the Allied nations to pay for losses and damage they suffered during the war

Reparations

a payment demanded of a nation defeated in war by a victorious nation

Collective security

a system in which a group of countries commit to jointly dealing with a nation that threatens the peace or security of any one of the countries

Treaty of versailles

a peace treaty signed by the Allied powers and Germany on June 28, 1919, at the Paris peace conference at the Palace of Versailles in France; it assigned Germany responsibility for the war, required Germany to pay reparations to the Allied countries, reduced Germany's territory, and included the covenant for the League of Nations

Reservationist

at the close of World War I, one of the Republican senators who agreed to approve the Treaty of Versailles only if changes were made in response to their concerns about the document

Irreconcilables

at the close of World War I, one of 16 Republican senators who opposed the Treaty of Versailles

Internationalist

at the close of World War I, one of the Democratic senators who strongly supported the Treaty of Versailles