APHG Term 4 Final Exam Terms List
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A system of farming that involves large fields dedicated to the production of crops or livestock, often using minimal labor and capital relative to land area, focusing on high yields over vast expanses.
The seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures, often used in mountainous regions.
A farming practice where two different crops are grown in the same field during a single growing season, maximizing land use and yield.
A type of farming that emphasizes environmentally friendly practices, aiming to produce food while maintaining soil health and ecosystem stability.
Large-scale farms that focus on the production of a single cash crop, often using labor-intensive methods and located in tropical or subtropical regions.
A form of agriculture focused on raising livestock for meat, dairy, or wool production, typically involving extensive land use and management practices.
A type of farming practiced in Mediterranean climates, characterized by diverse crops such as olives, grapes, and citrus fruits, along with livestock grazing.
A method of planting where new plants are grown from parts of existing plants, such as stems or leaves, often used in the cultivation of certain crops.
A theoretical model that explains the location of agricultural activities in relation to market distance, emphasizing the economic factors influencing land use and production.
Geographic areas where specific crops or animals were first domesticated, leading to the development of agriculture.
A form of modern farming that emphasizes the use of technology, machinery, and chemical inputs to maximize production efficiency and yield, often involving large-scale operations.
A form of subsistence agriculture where people rely on the herding of domesticated animals and move frequently to find fresh pastures.
A period of agricultural transformation that introduced high-yield crop varieties, chemical fertilizers, and improved irrigation techniques, significantly increasing food production during the mid-20th century.
A system of land surveying used in the United States, particularly in the Midwest, which divides land into square sections and long, narrow parcels to facilitate agriculture and settlement.
A spatial theory in urban planning that explains the size and distribution of human settlements and their economic activities; developed by Walter Christaller.
A practice in real estate where agents induce homeowners to sell their properties at low prices by promoting the fear of neighborhood change due to an influx of minority populations, leading to racial segregation.
A city that is the largest in its country or region, often significantly larger than the second-largest city, serving as a central hub for economic, political, and cultural activities.
A suburban area that has developed its own economic and social activities, distinct from the central city, often located at major transportation routes.
The process of renovating and improving a neighborhood to attract higher-income residents, often resulting in the displacement of lower-income residents.
An economic model that predicts the interaction between two places based on their size and distance apart, suggesting that larger cities attract more people and activity.
A city that serves as a significant center for economic, political, and cultural activities on a global scale, often influencing international affairs and trade.
Informal housing areas that develop on land not legally owned or rented, often characterized by inadequate infrastructure and services.
The division of local governmental authority into multiple entities that may lead to inefficiencies and challenges in coordinating policies and services across jurisdictions.
The commercial and business center of a city, often characterized by a high concentration of shops, offices, and cultural institutions. It typically represents the economic heart of urban areas.
A model of urban land use that suggests cities grow in multiple centers or nuclei, each with its own distinct economic and social functions.
A type of urban land use characterized by a collection of retail stores, services, and amenities that cater to consumers, often designed for convenient shopping experiences.
The disparity in income among different groups in a society, often leading to economic inequality and social stratification.
A spatial theory in urban geography that explains the size and distribution of human settlements. It posits that cities serve as central places for economic exchange, with each settlement acting as a marketplace for surrounding areas.
European Union
A political and economic union of member states located primarily in Europe, established to promote economic cooperation and integration. It allows for the free movement of goods, services, people, and capital among member countries.
Break-of-Bulk Point
A location where goods are transferred from one mode of transport to another, facilitating trade and distribution.
Agglomeration
The clustering of businesses and industries in a specific area to enhance productivity, innovation, and cooperation among firms.
Deindustrialization
the process of industrial decline and the reduction of manufacturing activity in a region, often resulting in economic and demographic changes.
Core-Periphery Model
A theory in economic geography that describes the spatial structure of development, where core regions are economically dominant and peripheral areas are dependent on them.
Ecotourism
A sustainable form of tourism that focuses on visiting natural areas, promoting conservation, and fostering respect for local cultures.
Primary/Secondary/Tertiary/Quaternary Activity
Categories of economic activities classified by the nature of production or service, ranging from resource extraction to high-level information processing.
Literacy Rate
The percentage of people in a given population who can read and write at a specified age, typically reflecting the educational attainment in a region.
Per Capita Income
The average income earned per person in a given area, often used to measure economic performance and living standards.
Outsourcing
The practice of hiring third-party companies or individuals to perform services or produce goods that were previously done in-house, often to reduce costs and increase efficiency.
Mechanization
The process of introducing machinery to perform tasks formerly done by hand, significantly increasing productivity in agriculture and industry.
Productivity
The measure of the efficiency of production, typically expressed as the ratio of outputs to inputs in a given timeframe.
Uneven Development
The unequal distribution of resources and opportunities across regions or countries, leading to disparities in wealth, quality of life, and access to services.
Weight-gaining/reducing industry
Industries that increase or decrease in weight during production, typically focusing on processing raw materials for consumer use.
LDC vs. MDC Regions
LDCs (Less Developed Countries) are nations with lower levels of industrialization and income, while MDCs (More Developed Countries) have higher levels of economic development, advanced infrastructure, and improved quality of life.
Climate Change
A long-term alteration in temperature and typical weather patterns in a place. It is primarily driven by human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels.
Fossil Fuels
Natural substances formed from ancient organic matter, primarily used for energy as coal, oil, and natural gas.