Fluid Balance & Blood Transfusions – Review Flashcards

FILL_IN_THE_BLANK flashcards covering key concepts from the Fluid Balance & Blood Transfusions lecture, including body-fluid distribution, regulation mechanisms, IV solutions, diuretics, and safe blood administration.

In adults, approximately __% of total body weight is water.

55–60

A loss of 20% of body fluid (about 15% body-weight loss) is typically __.

fatal

The intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment accounts for about __ of total body water.

two-thirds (≈42% of body weight)

Only about __ litres of extracellular fluid are found in plasma.

3

Fluid that is abnormally trapped and unavailable for functional use is called __ spacing.

third

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from low solute to high solute concentration is __.

osmosis

Osmoreceptors located in the __ stimulate thirst and ADH release.

hypothalamus

The primary organs for regulating fluid and electrolyte balance are the __.

kidneys

Fluid volume deficit (hypovolemia) is often treated with administration of __ solutions.

IV

Excess fluid volume (hypervolemia) is managed by removing fluid without changing the __ of extracellular fluid.

electrolyte composition or osmolality

A newborn’s body weight is about __% water.

77

Older adults have a decreased thirst mechanism and reduced production of __ and aldosterone.

renin

Average adult fluid intake roughly equals output at about __ mL per day.

2 500

Loop diuretics act mainly on the __ of Henle.

ascending loop

A common side effect of thiazide diuretics is __.

hypokalemia (and hyperuricemia)

An isotonic IV solution has an osmolarity __ to that of serum.

approximately equal

A hypertonic solution draws fluid __ the intravascular compartment.

into

Lactated Ringer’s solution is classified as __.

isotonic

Dextrose 5% in half-normal saline (D5 ½ NS) is an example of a __ solution.

hypertonic

25% albumin is __ and pulls additional fluid into the vascular space.

hypertonic

In the ABO system, type __ blood is considered the universal donor.

O (specifically O−)

Type AB+ individuals are known as universal __.

recipients

Normal hemoglobin range for adult males is __ g/L.

140–180

The percentage of red blood cells in blood is measured by the __ value.

hematocrit

Blood products should be started within __ minutes of removal from the blood bank.

30

Severe transfusion reactions are most likely during the first __ minutes or first 50 mL of blood.

15

Approximately __% of transfusion reactions are related to ABO incompatibility.

80

The leading cause of transfusion-related death is the __ hemolytic reaction.

acute

The most common transfusion reaction is the __ non-hemolytic reaction.

febrile

During any transfusion reaction, the first nursing action is to __ the blood.

stop