Midterm - 740

Transfer information between high-speed hardware devices and a motherboard

SCSI

Transfers data in bursts rather than in parallel

SATA

Extends the SATA bus to external devices

eSATA

USB holds up to how many peripherals

127

contain only simple volumes

basic disks

can contain simple, spanned, striped, and mirrored volumes

dynamic disks

defined storage space on a hard disk

partition

a partition that has been formatted into a file system

volume

MBR partitions are limited to how many partitions

4

MBR partitions are limited to what size

2 TB

GPT partitions are limited to how many partitions

128

Each GPT partition can be as large as

9.4 zetabytes

Uses free space available on a single disk

simple

Extends a simple volume across multiple disk, up to a maximum of 32

spanned

Stores data across two or more physical disks

striped

RAID-1

mirrored

RAID-0

striped

What Windows Server 2016 tools can be used to manage disks, volumes, and file systems

- Disk management

- Windows Powershell 5.0

- DiskPart

Overall structure your computer uses to name, store, and organize files, and folders on a hard disk or partition

file system

3 primary types of file systems for Windows

- FAT

- FAT32

- NTFS

Supports much larger hard disks and a higher level of reliability

NTFS

NTFS only supports how many characteristics

256

ReFS supports how many characteristics

32,000

Why is ReFS better than NTFS?

more robust

ExFAT (FAT64) is the standard file system for

SD cards

a Microsoft file system optimized for flash drives

exFAT

the minimum storage unit / smallest physical location of a hard drive

sector

the smallest logical amount of a sector that is set to a size by the system

allocation unit

clear (cmdlet)

removes

get (cmdlet)

shows or displays

supports virtual disks up to 2040 GB in size

VHD

Supports virtual disks larger than 2040 GB

VHDX

When a user needs to access a network share, the user will use

Universal Naming Convention (UNC)

file name for UNC

\\servername\sharename

Server Message Block (SMB) is what type of protocol

file sharing

The SmbShare module for Windows Powershell contains how many cmdlets that allow you to create and manage SMB shares

35

Set for folders when they are shared in workgroups and domain-based networks and are only associated with the folder

share permissions

Share permissions only apply when you are accessing a

shared folder via the UNC

view file and sub folder names, view data in files, and run programs

read

delete subfolders and files

change

take ownership of files (NTFS only)

full control

Permissions granted directly to a file or folder

Explicit

Permissions that are granted to a folder that flow into child objects

Inherited

Combining explicit and inherited permissions

Effective permission

Highest level presence in NTFS

Explicit Deny

The most restrictive set that is combined and applied to users connecting to the share over the network

share and NTFS

a distributed file system protocol that is used to access files over a network

Network File System (NFS)

Equivalent to SMB for Windows but are for UNIX and Linux

network file system (NFS)

Spanned volume is called

fill and spill

all of the storage space on the first disk must be filled before data is stored on the second and subsequent disks

fill and spill or spanned volume

RAID 0

stripped volume

RAID 1

mirrored volume

Similar to creating a spanned volume in that almost all of the steps are the same

Striped volume

Mirrored volumes required how many disks?

2 disks

A fault-tolerant volume where data us interleaved across three or more disks

RAID-5

A RAID-5 volume can be created using a minimum and maximum of how many disks?

minimum of 3 disks and maximum of 32 disks

RAID 5

striping with parity

A Windows Server 2016 feature that allows you to combine multiple physical disks into a SINGLE logical volume

Storage Spaces

When drives are combined, Windows places them into a

Storage pool

Storage pools can be segmented into multiple

storage spaces

4 types of Storage Spaces

- simple

- two way mirror

- three way mirror

- parity

Writes one copy of your data but doesn’t protect against drive failures ; requires at least ONE drive

Simple

Writes two copies of your data to protect against a single drive failure ; requires at least TWO drive

Two-way Mirror

Writes three copies of your data to protect against two simultaneous drive failures ; requires at least FIVE drives

Three-way mirror

Writes data with information to protect against single drive failures; requires at least THREE drives

Parity

Creating a storage space that is LARGER than the available capacity of the storage pool

Thin Provisioning

Thin provisioning reserves the space for

future use

You can combine hard disk drive (HDD) and solid state drive (SSD) by using

tiered storage

Using tiered storage can increase performance by

minimizing costs

Combines faster and slower drive, putting important info on faster drive and the less important on slower drive so everything will run faster

Tiered Storage

Storage Tiers Optimization task runs that moves what that is MOST FREQUENT into SSD tier

hot data blocks

Storage Tiers Optimization task runs that moves what that LESS FREQUENT into HDD tier

cold data blocks

Has MANY hard drives to provide HUGE amounts of disk space

shared storage

NAS covers

small area

SAN covers

large area / entire network

A file-level data storage device is connected to the server over a COMPUTER NETWORK

NAS

Presents the drives to the server just as if the drives were locally attached

SAN

a protocol that enables clients to send SCSI commands over a TCP/IP network

iSCSI

iSCSI uses what port

TCP 3260

iSCSI allows clients to send SCSI commands to iSCSI storage devices. What are the clients?

iSCSI initiators

iSCSI allows clients to send SCSI commands to iSCSI storage devices. What are the storage devices?

iSCSI targets

What connects clients to the iSCSI target to share info and store info

iSCSI initiator

iSCSI targets needs

- iSCSI qualified names

- LUN (logical unit number)

Are unique identifiers used to address initiators and targets on an iSCSI network.

iSCSI qualified names

When using virtual disks, you can save up to 90% of the storage space for operating system images by using

differencing disks

provides tools to create and manage iSCSI target and virtual disks

iSCSI Target Server

Enables applications on a server that is connected to an iSCSI target to perform volume shadow copies of data on iSCSI virtual disks

iSCI Target Storage Provider

Enables Multiple TCP/IP connections form the initiator to the target for the same iSCSI session

Multiple Connected Session (MCS)

Multi-path solution that supports iSCSI, Fibre channel, and serial attached storage (SAS) SAN connectivity by establishing multiple sessions connections to the storage array

multi-path I/O

If a network connection or switch fails and the server connecting to the iSCSI storage loses access to storage. What can be used to assign another path of connection?

- multiple connected session (MCS)

- multi-path I/O (MPIO)

Protocol is used to discover, manage, and configure iSCSI devices automatically on a TCP/IP network

Internet Storage Name Service (iSNS)

Supports converged network traffic can get sufficient bandwidth allocation, while maintaining reliability

Data Center Bridging (DCB)

offers both synchronous and asynchronous replication

Storage Replica

Used to synchronous data on a block level on two independent storage units

Storage Replica

3 ways to configure Storage Replica

- server-to-server replication

- stretch cluster

- cluster-to-cluster replication

a Hyper-V cluster with nodes and storage in two locations

stretch cluster

When one failover cluster replicates it's storage to another cluster

cluster-to-cluster replication

What year of Windows Server can use Data Deduplication

Windows Server 2012

Breaks data into small chucks, identifies the duplicates, and maintains a copy of each chunk

Data Deduplication

Command-line tool to estimate capacity savings on Windows

ddpeval.exe (Deduplication Evaluation Tool)