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Bureaucracy

System of government where officials are chosen to run departments.

Pastoralists

Nomadic people who herded animals, often lived in steppe regions.

Agrarian

Relating to farming or rural society.

Circa (c.)

Latin for 'around,' used to approximate dates.

Neolithic Revolution

Shift from hunting/gathering to agriculture (c. 10,000 BCE).

Effects (Demographic)

Population growth, permanent settlements.

Effects (Social)

Gender inequality increased, social hierarchies formed.

Effects (Environmental)

Deforestation, soil depletion, irrigation systems.

Confucianism

Filial piety, respect for hierarchy, education, moral order.

Impact of Confucianism

Shaped government (civil service exams) & family structure.

Followers of Confucianism

Elites, scholars, government officials.

Confucius

Ethics, social harmony, filial piety.

Laozi (Daoism)

Natural order, balance, Dao.

Legalism

Harsh laws, strong central power.

Buddhism

Founded by Siddhartha Gautama in India; 4 Noble Truths, Eightfold Path, Middle Way; spread along Silk Roads.

Hinduism

Originated in India; dharma, karma, caste system, polytheistic.

Differences between Hinduism and Buddhism

Hinduism = caste & rituals; Buddhism = rejection of caste, path to enlightenment.

Sui Dynasty

Built Grand Canal, centralized government.

Tang Dynasty

Expanded empire, civil service exams, Equal-Field System.

Song Dynasty

Weaker military, stronger economy (trade, Neo-Confucianism), faced invasions.

Empress Wu

Only female emperor; supported Buddhism, controversial.

Grand Canal

Linked north & south China, boosted trade, helped unity.

Silk Road Trade

Spread goods (silk, porcelain), religions (Buddhism, Islam).

Sinification

Spread/adoption of Chinese culture & practices by neighbors.

Tribute System

Neighboring states acknowledged Chinese superiority, gave tribute, got trade privileges.

Tale of Genji

First novel, written by Lady Murasaki, reflected Heian court life.

Taika Reforms (646 CE)

Attempt to centralize & copy Chinese bureaucracy; partially successful, later abandoned.

Bushido

Code of samurai honor.

Gempei Wars

Rivalry between Taira & Minamoto clans.

Outcome of Gempei Wars

Minamoto victory, establishment of shogunate, rise of samurai rule.

Trung Sisters

Led revolt against Han China; symbols of Vietnamese resistance.