bio 8.1-8.2

What is a monomer?

A small, basic unit that can join together to form larger molecules (polymers).

What is a polymer?

A large molecule made up of repeating units (monomers).

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharide, such as glucose.

What are the three types of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Give an example of a monosaccharide.

Glucose.

What is a disaccharide?

A carbohydrate made up of two monosaccharides, e.g., sucrose.

What is a polysaccharide?

A carbohydrate made up of many monosaccharides, e.g., starch.

What is the general formula for monosaccharides?

C₆H₁₂O₆.

What are lipids?

Long-term energy storage molecules that include fats and oils.

What is the structure of a triglyceride?

1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids.

Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fats.

Saturated fats have no double bonds and are solid at room temperature; unsaturated fats have at least one double bond and are liquid at room temperature.

What are proteins made of?

Amino acids.

What is a peptide bond?

The bond connecting two amino acids together.

What is a dipeptide?

A molecule formed by two amino acids joined together.

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

What is dehydration synthesis?

A reaction that joins monomers by removing water.

What is hydrolysis?

A reaction that breaks polymers apart by adding water.

What is the function of enzymes?

To serve as biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.

What is the active site of an enzyme?

The region on the enzyme where the substrate binds.

Describe the lock and key model of enzyme action.

The substrate fits precisely into the enzyme's active site, similar to a key fitting into a lock.

What factors affect enzyme activity?

Temperature, pH, and substrate concentration.

What happens to enzymes at high temperatures?

They can denature and lose their functional shape.

What is amylase?

An enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose.

Where does pepsin work and what does it digest?

It works in the stomach and digests proteins into peptides.

What does lipase do?

It digests lipids into glycerol and fatty acids.

What is the substrate for maltase?

Maltose.

What is produced when maltose is broken down by maltase?

Glucose.

What is the role of enzymes in digestion?

To catalyze the breakdown of macromolecules into absorbable units.

Why are enzymes specific?

Because each enzyme only catalyzes one type of substrate due to its unique active site.

What is a nucleotide?

The monomer unit of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

What are the two main types of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA.