bio bio bio

Respiratory System

System responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.

Alveoli

Tiny membranous sacs that exchange gases and are key in gas exchange between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

Diaphragm

Muscle located below the lungs that helps in changing the volume of the lungs during inhalation and exhalation.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Composed of the brain and spinal cord; transmits signals between the brain and body.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Consists of all nervous tissue outside the CNS, including sensory and motor nerves.

Hemoglobin

Protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen, composed of four heme groups.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, released by the kidneys.

Ovaries

Female reproductive organs that produce eggs and hormones like estrogen and progesterone.

Uterus

Elastic muscular organ that supports a developing fetus, lined with endometrium.

Fertilization

The fusion of one sperm cell with an egg, typically occurring in the oviducts.

Immune System

System that defends the body against pathogens, composed of innate and adaptive immunity.

Innate Immunity

Non-specific defenses present from birth, always active, including physical and chemical barriers.

Adaptive Immunity

Mediated by lymphocytes that recognize specific antigens; includes humoral and cell-mediated responses.

Vaccines

Substances that provoke a primary immune response to a pathogen without exposure, preparing the immune system for future encounters.

Virus

Infectious particle considered nonliving that contains nucleic acid and protein, but no cellular structure.

Neurons

Specialized cells that serve as the building blocks of the nervous system, generating electrical signals.

Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain associated with intelligence, learning, perception, and emotional processing.

B cells

Lymphocytes produced in bone marrow that help with humoral immunity and produce antibodies.

T cells

Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus, involved in cell-mediated immunity.

Pathogen

Foreign particles that cause a response in the immune system.

Antibodies

Proteins produced by B cells that can bind to antigens, blocking them and signaling phagocytes.