Key Concepts in Human Anatomy and Physiology final

Metabolism

Physical and chemical changes or reactions in the body.

Positive feedback mechanisms

Move conditions away from the normal state.

Respiration

Changing absorbed substances into forms that are chemically different from those that entered the body fluids.

Circulation

The movement of the body as a whole.

Reproduction

Replicating the genetic material.

Responsiveness

Sensing changes inside or outside the body and reacting to them.

Assimilation

Obtaining and using oxygen to release energy from food.

Magnetic resonance imaging

Uses radio antennae.

Maintaining a stable internal environment

Typically requires negative feedback.

Carbon

Can form 4 covalent bonds.

Matter

Is composed of elements, which are composed of atoms.

Biochemistry

Is the study of chemical reactions in organisms.

Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water

Are acids.

A biomarker test for cancer

Should ideally be all of the above: easy to perform, sensitive, specific, and inexpensive.

Facilitated diffusion

Is a transport process that does not require expenditure of cellular energy.

Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

Both move a substance from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration without cellular energy.

The major components of the cell membrane

Are lipids and proteins.

Cells

Are measured in micrometers.

Osmosis

Is the movement of water molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.

Dehydration synthesis reactions

Lose H2O to form bonds; whereas hydrolysis reactions use H2O to break bonds.

Catabolism

Refers to chemical reactions that release energy.

DNA replication

Occurs during interphase of the cell cycle.

Glycogen

A molecule that is a storage form of carbohydrate.

Energy

The capacity of matter to change.

Tight junction

The type of intercellular junction that consists of fused membranes.

Engineered tissue

Might include progenitor cells, a scaffold built of synthetic materials, extracellular matrix components, and stem cells.

Synovial membrane

A membrane composed entirely of connective tissue.

Respiratory passages lining

Mucus-secreting, ciliated, and pseudostratified.

Histology

The study of tissues.

Fever

A special case of hyperthermia in which body temperature rises in response to an elevated set point, typically in response to infection.

Carotene

The skin appears yellowish if a person eats too much of this substance.

Cryo-electron tomography

The advantage of this method is that it preserves intercellular junctions.

Hair

Distinguished from a hair follicle by being dead.

Corns

Keratinized conical masses on toes.

Axial skeleton

Includes the skull, hyoid bone, thoracic cage, and vertebral column.

Number of bones in the skeletal system

Variable, because some people have extra bones in skull sutures or tendons.

Pituitary gland location

Located in the sella turcica.

Intramembranous bone example

Broad, flat skull bones.

Cells that remove excess bone tissue

Osteoclasts and phagocytes.

Radial collateral ligament

Associated with the elbow joint.

Synovial membrane function

Secretes synovial fluid.

Sprain

Involves overstretched or torn ligaments and tendons in a joint.

Tooth root joint type

A tooth root attached to a jawbone by a periodontal ligament is a gomphosis joint.

torn meniscus

Injury to the knee joint.

weightlifting

Stimulates muscle fibers developing new filaments of actin and myosin.

oxygen debt

The amount of oxygen liver cells require to react lactic acid to produce glucose or glycogen.

functions of muscles

Include muscle tone, moving bones, the heartbeat, and distribution of heat.

soleus

A muscle that forms part of the calf.

short muscle cells

Smooth muscle fibers.

sequence of events following a threshold potential

1. The membrane depolarizes. 2. Sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward. 3. The membrane repolarizes. 4. Potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward.

Schwann cell

A cell only found in the PNS.

opiate drugs

Relieve pain because the human nervous system has receptors for endogenous opiates.

multiple sclerosis

Caused by an abnormal response of the immune system.

myelin

Rich in lipids.

reflexes

Help to control digestive activities, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate.

lissencephaly

Condition where the brain shows no convolutions (gyri) of the cerebral cortex.

crossed extensor reflex

Phenomenon where the extensor muscles of the other arm contract when the flexor muscles of one arm contract in a withdrawal reflex.

subdural hematoma

Blood accumulates between the dura mater and arachnoid mater.

aging of the brain

Begins at age 30.

homeostasis

Exists if concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen in body parts and heat and pressure remain within certain limited ranges.

characteristics of centenarians

Share a high level of exercise throughout life.

health problems from agriculture and urbanization

People became less active and ate fewer wild plants.

Homeostasis

tendency of the body to maintain a stable environment.

Organ system that produces blood cells

Skeletal

Alkalosis

A person has alkalosis if the blood pH rises above 7.4.

Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions

acids

Form of ionizing radiation

Gamma radiation

Cations and anions interaction

form electrolytes.

Lipids

include phospholipids, cholesterol, and fats.

Cytoskeletal structures not found in all cell types

intermediate filaments.

Nucleolus contains

RNA and protein.

Osmotic pressure relationship

greater the number of solute particles, the greater the osmotic pressure.

Function of the nucleus

direct the activities of the cell.

Phagocytosis

a cell membrane engulfs solid particles.

Interaction between enzyme and substrate

Part of the enzyme temporarily binds part of the substrate molecule.

Glucose breakdown

A glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvic acid molecules in glycolysis.

Mutation causing disease

the DNA sequence changes so that one amino acid is substituted for another in a way that affects the encoded protein's functioning.

Enzyme catalase acts on

hydrogen peroxide.

Importance of ATP

provides energy for cellular work when the terminal, high-energy bond is broken.

engineered tissue

An engineered tissue might include a scaffold built of synthetic materials, extracellular matrix components, stem cells, progenitor cells, all of the above.

cancers origin

About 90% of all cancers originate from epithelium.

gas exchange tissue

The tissue through which gases are exchanged between the blood and the air in the lungs is simple squamous epithelium.

tight junction

The type of intercellular junction that consists of fused membranes is a tight junction.

ichthyosis

In the inherited disease ichthyosis, the skin is rough, brown, and very scaly because the uppermost layer cannot peel off as easily as it normally does. The part of the skin that is affected is the epidermis.

corns

Corns are keratinized conical masses on toes.

sunbathing benefits

We enjoy sunbathing because it stimulates keratinocytes to release beta endorphin.

skin cancer development

Skin cancer is most likely to develop from pigmented melanocytes.

milk and ear wax

Milk and ear wax are secreted from modified sebaceous glands.

bones composition

Bones contain organic salts.

height decrease age

Height begins to decrease on average after age 30.

bone functions

Which of the following is not a function of bone? To provide nervous communication from bone to muscle.

femur characteristics

The femur is the longest bone in the body.

scapula borders

The three borders of the scapula are called the superior, axillary, and vertebral borders.

fibrous joints types

Types of fibrous joints include syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis joints.

artificial joints materials

Artificial joints are built of silicone polymers for large joints and metals for small joints.

rotator cuff composition

The rotator cuff of the shoulder is composed mainly of tendons and fibrous connective tissue.

torn meniscus injury

Greg has injured his knee joint.

joint stiffness cause

This is due to changes in collagen structure.

Plank position

A position in yoga/Pilates where the body is supported on the floor in a prone position with the arms and feet, held for 30 to 60 seconds.

Isometric contraction

A type of muscle contraction where the muscle exerts force without changing length.