Jeep Start Exam

Phonology

- the study of the patterns of sounds in a language and across languages.

Phoneme

- is the smallest unit of sound in speech. When we teach reading, we teach children which letters represent those sounds.

Phonetics

- is a field of study that examines the sounds in speech — the way they're made, how they're heard, and how they make up speech and language.

Manner of Articulation

- is the “how” of making sounds. When learning our first language, we don’t usually think about how we make the sounds we do.

1. Stop or Plosive
2. Fricative
3. Affricate
4. Nasal
5. Liquid
6. Glide

Manners of articulation (6)

Place of Articulation

- is the “where” of pronunciation. It is the location of where sounds are produced.

1. Bilabial
2. Labiodental
3. Dental
4. Alveolar
5. Palatal
6. Velar
7. Glottal

Places of Articulation (7)

Syllable

- is the minimal unit of a word that can be pronounced with a single breath.

Stress

- is the amount of force or energy with which an utterance is made.

Intonation

- is a term used to refer to the distinctive use of different patterns of pitch that carry meaningful information

Tone of Intonation (3)

1. Rising
2. Falling
3. Fall-Rise

Parts of Speech / word classes

- Explain how a word is used in a sentence

1. Nouns
2. Pronouns
3. Adjectives
4. Verbs
5. Adverbs
6. Prepositions
7. Conjunctions
8. Interjections

Parts of Speech (8)

Past Simple

- This tense is used to describe an action that has already happened.

Past Perfect

- This tense is used to describe an action that was
finished before another past action.
• Structure: [subject + had + verb past participle]

Past Continuous

- We use this to refer to something in the past that
has already happened, but as though it were still
happening (usually in the context of another
event).
• Structure: [subject + was/were + verb (-ing)]

Past Perfect Continuous

- This tense is used to describe an action that was
still happening until another event occurred.
• Structure: [subject + had been + verb (-ing)]

Present Simple

- This tense is used to describe an action, habit, or
facts that are generally true and occur in the
present time.
• Structure: [subject + verb in present form]

Present Perfect

- This tense is used to describe an action that has
taken place once or many times before now.
• Structure: [subject + have/has + verb in past form]

Present Continuous

- This tense is used to describe a past action that
is ongoing now.
• Structure: [subject + am/is/are + verb (-ing)]

Present Perfect Continuous

- This tense is used to describe an experience or
an action that has started in the past and is
continuing till the present moment.
• Structure: [subject + have/has been + verb (-ing)]

Future Simple

- This tense is used to describe an action that
hasn’t happened yet.
• Structure 1: [subject + am/is/are going to + verb]

Future Perfect

- This tense is used to describe an action that will
be completed before a specified time.
• Structure: [subject + will have + verb in past form]

Future Continuous

- This tense is used to describe an action that will
occur and will continue to happen for a set
period of time in the future.
• Structure: [subject + will be + verb (-ing)]