Chemical Messengers

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons, allowing for communication within the nervous system.

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

Chemicals released by neurons that increase the likelihood of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic neuron.

Glutamate

The primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a key role in synaptic transmission and neuronal communication; involved in learning, memory, and neuroplasticity.

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

Chemicals released by neurons that decrease the likelihood of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic neuron.

GABA

The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system; promotes relaxation and reduces anxiety.

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating mood, reward, motivation, and movement.

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that plays a vital role in regulating mood, sleep, appetite, and stress.

Endorphins

Neurotransmitters produced by the brain and central nervous system that act as natural pain relievers and mood enhancers.

Substance P

A neurotransmitter involved in transmitting pain signals within the nervous system.

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter that plays a fundamental role in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Involved in functions: muscle contraction, memory, and learning.

Hormones

Chemical messengers produced by glands in the endocrine system that travel through the bloodstream to target cells or organs, regulating various physiological processes and behaviors.

Ghrelin

A hormone produced primarily by the stomach and small intestine that stimulates appetite and promotes hunger.

Leptin

A hormone produced primarily by fat cells that regulates energy balance and appetite by acting on the hypothalamus to suppress hunger and increase energy expenditure.

Melatonin

A hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythms in the body.

Oxytocin

A hormone and neurotransmitter that plays a key role in social bonding, attachment, and trust.

Adrenaline

A hormone and neurotransmitter that plays a key role in the body’s stress response, often referred to as the fight-or-flight response.

Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter and hormone involved in the body’s fight-or-flight response, regulating arousal, attention, and stress.