Pre-AP Test Review

Review for test on Friday

Bedouin

Lived in tribes made up of related families – led by Sheiks in the Arabian Peninsula

Islamic Medical and scientific achievements`

Discovered blood moves to and from the heart; Diagnosed many diseases, including measles and smallpox

Islamic cultural achievements

Geometric art; Arabic numerals; mosaics, calligraphy; ornate mosques; astrolab (navigational device); preservation of Greek and Roman thought in Madrasas.

Makkah (Mecca)

Important trading town on the Arabian Peninsula; birthplace and holy city of Islam.

Muhammad

prophet of Islam; Born in Makkah- 570 CE; 610 CE -  experienced a revelation (vision)

Tang Dynasty

618-960; Emerged after the fall of the Sui; Reestablished the Civil Service exam and re-emphasis on Confucianism (Neo-Confucianism) 

Scholar-Gentry

Emerged from examinations (an elite class of government officials in Tang China)

Song Dynasty

960-1279; economic prosperity; increased crop yields and agriculture; improvements to the Grand Canal; increased population 

Hangzhou

Southern Song capital; captured by the Mongols in 1279and a major cultural center.

Jewish Diaspora

the spreading out of the Jewish demographic in Medieval Europe and beyond, resulting from various historical events such as the Babylonian Exile and Roman conquests.

Feudalism

Medieval system of mutual responsibility between lord and vassal; demonstrates political decentralization; resulted in warfare in medieval Europe between lords and lesser lords 

Fiefs

estates with peasants

Vassal

Agreed to provide his lord with a certain number of knights for battle during a period of 40 to 60 days each year

Monasticism

Religious practice of full devotion to faith and withdrawal from the outside world

Manorialism

Medieval system of economic self sufficiency

Manor

A self-sufficient economic system

Impact of Crusades

Cultural diffusion, new products, Greek/Roman knowledge; increased trade; intolerance 

Byzantine Empire

Eastern half of the old Roman Empire; capital at Constantinople; fell in 1453

Shariah

Body of Islamic law which covers all aspects of Muslim private and public life

Caliph

new type of leader  - successor to Islamic political and religious leadership

Sunni/Shi’ite

Sects of the Islamic faith

The Umayyad Caliphate

Ruled from 661-750; Expanded to the borders of India, North Africa, and into Spain

The Abbasid Caliphate

Built Baghdad on the banks of the Tigris River (Present day Iraq) and made it the new capital; Ruled from 750-1258

Illkhante

Established by Helegu, grandson of Genghis Khan the Mongol conqueror - captured the Abbasid capital in Baghdad in 1258

Gunpowder Empire

an empire formed by outside conquerors who unified the regions that they conquered through their mastery of firearms

The Ottoman Empire

Emerged as rulers of Islamic world in 13th century  - 1453 Conquest of Constantinopleand expanded into Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa.

The Vikings

traveled in long, deckless ships with one sail known for surprise attacks; made up sagas, or long tales; assimilated with European Christian society and were skilled in navigation and trade.

Cyril and Methodius

successful missionaries - Cyril devised an alphabet known as the Cyrillic alphabet - helped spread Orthodox Christianity to the Slavic peoples 

Champa Rice

new kind of rice that could be harvested more than once a year

Yuan Dynasty

1279 - 1368 - Period of Mongol power in China

Kublai Khan

Mongol who established the Yuan Dynasty; tried but failed tp conquer Japan- led the Mongols to adapt to Chinese customs; reserved the highest posts in government for Mongols

Marco Polo

Italian messenger who reported back to Europe about the Yuan Chinese (agent of cultural diffusion)

Yi Song-gye

Korean leader who founded the Yi Dynasty; able to maintain a Korean culture distinct from China and Japan 

Nara Period

(710-794) Central government in Japan lost power and influence because local aristocrats kept tax money for themselves

Heian period

(794-1185) Powerful families dominated rural areas - led to political decentralization in Japan 

Samurai

(“those who serve”) emerged as a class to protect the security and property of their employers in Japan 

Daimyos

(heads of noble Japanese families) controlled land and didn’t pay taxes to the government

Shinto

“sacred way” linked the emperor to sun god in Japan 

Amaterasu

Japanese sun god; emperor believed to be descended from 

Tale of Genji

Early example of a novel (Japan)