psycg 4.1-4.3

Attribution

assigning cause to someone’s behavior

Dispositional Attribution

explain behavior by attirbuting to internal chracteristics (personality traits'/beliefs)

Situational Attribution

attributing to external factors/circumstances

Explanatory Style

interpreting and explaining causes of events in life

Optimistic Explanatory Style

interpret negative life events as temporary

Pessimistic Explanatory Style

interpret negative experiences as personal and permenant

Actor/Observer Bias

tendency to attirubute own behavior to external factors but attribute others to internal

Fundamental Attribution Error

people overestimate influence of personal characteristics and undersestimate impact of situational facyots when explaingn other pepples behavior

Self Serving Bias

Tendency for individuals to attribute their success to internal factors like effort but blaming external factors for failures

interanal locus of control

belief that ind have signifiance degree of control over events in lives (believe outcome is own actions not luck)

external locus of control

belief that forces are primarily responsible for outcome of ones life (attribute outcomes to external factors)

mere expsoure effect

tend for people to develop preference for certain things because they are familiar w them

self fullfiling prophecy

belief that expectation of future outcome that actually ends up coming true because belieef influenced personas actiosn (ex: they say theyre gonna fail the test and they do because they study less propelry cause of that belief and actually fail)

social comparison

tend for ind to evaluate own abilities by comparing to others

relative deprivation

feeling of being wrose off than others in a comparable group based on comparison of own situation to percieved of those around them

Stereotype

generalized belief about particular group of people based on characteristics like race gender ethnicity

prejudice

negative attitude towards group of people form without any real experience w them (based on stereotypes and leads to discriminatory behavior)

discrimination

behaving negativigle to person based on their membership in particular group

implicit attitude

automatic unconcious evalution towards person

just world phenomenon

tend for people to believe that the world is fundamentally fair and people get what htey deserve

out group homogenity bias

tend for people to percieve members f group they do not belong to as being more similar to each other than memmbers of hteir own group (ex: seeing opposing team fans being and thinking they’re all loud but recongizing diversity in your own team fans)

in group bias

tend for ind to favor their grup members compared to ind in diff group (religios groups or politics are examples)

ethnocentrism

judge other cultures based on standards of own culture (belieivng ones culture is superiro to oterhs)

Belief perserverance

tend for ind to continue holding a belief even when there’s evidence that contradicts it

confirmation bias

searching info that supports existing beliefs and ignoring info that contradicts it

cognitive dissonance

tension a person experiences when their beliefs clash with their actions

Social Norms

unwritten rules about how to behave in social group

elaboration likihiood model

theory that explains persuasion through two routes: central (logical thinking) and peripheral (superficial cues) (ex: choosing uni by comparing diff unis and then making deciison)

Halo effect

tend to assume someone has positive traits based on one positive characteristic

conformity

adjusting behavior to match group standard

collectivism

culture that balues group goals over ind goals

Groupthink

group harmony prioritized over critical thinking and lealds to bad deicions

Deindividuation

loss of self awareness in group situations (leads to impuslive behavior)

superordinate goals

shared goals that require cooperation between groups

altruism

selfless concern for well being of otehers

bystander effect

tend for ind to be less likely to help when others are there

normative soical influence

conforming to gain social approval or avoid rejection

central route to persuaions

persuasion through logical arguments

foot in door

getting someone to agree to small request first then larger one

obedience

following orders

multiculutralism

recognizing diverse cultural identities

diffusion of responsibilty

feeling less responsible to act when others present

social facilitaiton

improved performance on tasks when in persence of others

social trap

situation where ind act in their own self interest and harm group

social responsbility norm

expectation to help others in need

informatl sofial infleucne

unspoken pressure to conform to group norms

peripheral route to persuasion

persuasin through superficial cues like attractiveness or emotion

door in face

ask large first hten smaller one to increase compliance

individiualsism

culturue that values ind goals over group goals

group polariziaon

group discussions strengthen intiital opinions of members

social loafing

exxerting less effort in group task than when working alone

false concensus effect

tend to overestimate how much others share our beliefs attitudes behaviors

industrial organizatinoal psychology

applies to workplace issues like productivity employee behavior

social reciprocity norm

expectation that people will respond to each other in kindness