Chemistry

What are the two ways to produce alcohol?

Hydration of ethene and fermentation of glucose

What are the conditions for hydration of ethene?

300°

60 atm

phosphoric acid

(high temp, high pressure, catalyst present)

What are the conditions for fermentation of glucose?

37°C - 40°, yeast and water present, no oxygen (CO2 and water will be produced)

What are the conditions for Haber process (production of ammonia)?

• 450°

• 200 atm

• iron catalyst present

What are the conditions for the Contact Process (production of sulfuric acid)?

• 450°C

• vanadium (V) oxide

• 1-2 atm

What are the 4 steps of the contact process? Give the chemical equation with state symbols.

1. S(s) + O2 (g) —> SO2 (g)

2. SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ SO3 (g)

3. SO3(g) + H2SO4 (l) —> H2S2O7 (l)

4. H2S2O7 (l) + H2O (l) —> H2SO4 (l)

What are the 4 steps of the contact process? Give the name equation

1. Sulfur (s) + oxygen (g) —> Sulfur dioxide (g) (Sulfuric acid burns in air)

2. Sulfur dioxide(g) + oxygen (g) ⇌ Sulfur trioxide (g)

3. Sulfur trioxide (g) + concentrated sulfuric acid (l) —> Oleum (l)

4. Oleum (l) + water (l) —> sulfuric acid (l)

Why isn’t sulfur trioxide directly dissolved in water?

It produces corrosive mists

Reactions in the blast furnace: Extraction of Iron (5)

Write the chemical equations

1. C(s) + O2 (g) —> CO2 (g)

2. CO2 (g) + C (s) —> 2CO (g)

3. 3CO (g) + Fe2O3 (s) —> 2Fe (s) + 3CO2 (g)

4. CaCO3 (s) —> CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

5. CaO (s) + SiO2 (s) —> CaSiO3 (s) slag

Reactions in the blast furnace: Extraction of Iron (5)

Write the name equations.

1. Carbon + oxygen —> Carbon dioxide

2. Carbon dioxide + carbon —> Carbon monoxide

3. Carbon monoxide + Iron (III) oxide —> Iron + carbon dioxide

4. Calcium carbonate —> Calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

5. Calcium oxide + silicone dioxide —> Calcium silicate

Ionic equation which represents a neutralisation reaction between any acid and any alkali

H⁺ + OH^- —> H₂O

What’s the half equation at the anode for oxygen:

4OH^– _(aq)→ 2H₂O_(l) + O_2(g) + 4e^–

General formula for reactions with acids:

1. Acid + metal —> Salt + hydrogen

2. Acid + base (metal oxides/ ammonia/hydroxide) —> Acids + water

3. Acid + carbonate —> Salt + Carbon dioxide + water

What’s the formula for nitrate and nitrite

Nitrate = NO3-

Nitrite = NO2-

Thermal decomposition of metal oxides: (3)

1. Metal carbonate —> Metal oxide + carbon dioxide

   metal carbonate —> metal oxide + CO2

2. Metal hydroxide —> Metal oxide + water

   metal hydroxide —> metal oxide + H2O

3. Metal nitrate —> metal oxide + nitrogen dioxide + oxygen

   Metal nitrate —> Metal oxide + NO2 + O2

Define water of crystalisation

Water molecules in hydrated crystals

State the colour change of anhydrous cobalt (II) chloride when water is added

anhydrous = blue

hydrated = pink

State the colour change of anhydrous copper (II) sulfate when water is added

anhydrous = white

hydrated = blue

Composition of stainless steel

iron, carbon, nickel

Composition of brass

copper and zinc

Define activation energy

The minimum energy that colliding particles must have to react