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Positive Punishment
Decreasing behavior by applying aversive activities/stimuli
Punishment by Application of Aversive Activities
Requiring engagement in aversive activities to decrease undesirable behavior
Types of Applications of Aversive Activities
Overcorrection
Contingent Exercise
Guided Compliance
Physical Restraint
Overcorrection
Engaging in effortful behavior to correct problem behavior
Going BEYOND!
Type of Overcorrection: Positive Practice
Engaging in correct behavior after problem behavior occurrence
Type of Overcorrection: Restitution
Fixing disrupted environment due to problem behavior
Contingent Exercise
Engaging in effortful behavior unrelated to problem behavior
Ex. Scrubbing floor has nothing to do with swearing
Guided Compliance
Physically guiding compliance after problem behavior
_________ to decrease the behavior because physical guidance is contingent on the problem behavior
Positive punishment
________ to increase compliance because removal of physical guidance is contingent on compliance
Negative reinforcement
Physical Restraint
Immobilizing body part involved in problem behavior
Aversive Stimulation Cautions
Change agent should be physically capable
Can handle resistance or escape attempts
Avoid reinforcing physical contact
Ensure safety for target person and others
Consider ethical implications
Punishment by Application of Aversive Stimulation
Delivering aversive stimuli to decrease undesirable behavior
Steps - Application of Aversive Stimulation
1. Do a functional assessment
2. Use functional/nonaversive procedures first
3. Consider negative punishment
4. If the following doesn't work then .... choose aversive stimulus carefully, continue extinction/differential reinforcement, collect data to make treatment decisions, address any ethical issues that arise
Use functional/non-aversive procedures first
Implement extinction/differential reinforcement, antecedent manipulation, behavioral skills training
Ethical Issues in Punishment
informed consent, use of alternative treatments, recipient safety, problem severity, implementation guidelines, training and supervision, peer review, and accountability
Physical or emotional harm? **
Does the person understand? **
Punishment Issues to consider
Ethics, control, power relationships and protecting clients' rights, qualifications of the behavior modifier, social validity
Should there be some criteria to be met before bing allowed to use punishment?
Objectiveness, empathy, emotionally under control, patient, respectful of consent, non-blaming of person, consistent
What is the least used behavior modification procedure?
Positive punishment
Delivering a noise contingent on thumb-sucking to decrease thumb-sucking is an example of punishment by
aversive stimulation
_______ should always be used in conjunction with punishment
reinforcement
Contingent on screaming in class, the student is made to stand up and sit down five times
a. restitution b. positive practice c. contingent exercise d. guided compliance e. physical restraint f. response blocking
c. contingent exercise
Contingent on hand mouthing, the teacher holds the students hand at her side for 30 seconds
a. restitution b. positive practice c. contingent exercise d. guided compliance e. physical restraint f. response blocking
e. physical restraint
Contingent on refusal to do a requested task, the teacher physically guides the student to do the task
a. restitution b. positive practice c. contingent exercise d. guided compliance e. physical restraint f. response blocking
d. guided compliance
Contingent on wetting his pants on the playground, the students is required to come in from the playground and walk into the bathroom five times in a row
a. restitution b. positive practice c. contingent exercise d. guided compliance e. physical restraint f. response blocking
b. positive practice
When a child raises her hand to her mouth in an attempt to suck her thumb, her dad puts his hand in front of the child's hand to prevent the thumb sucking from occurring
a. restitution b. positive practice c. contingent exercise d. guided compliance e. physical restraint f. response blocking
f. response blocking
When a child makes a mess with his food on the kitchen floor, the child has to clean the kitchen floor and the bathroom floor as well
a. restitution b. positive practice c. contingent exercise d. guided compliance e. physical restraint f. response blocking
a. restitution
When a teenage curses at home, his parents make him wash windows for 10 minutes
a. restitution b. positive practice c. contingent exercise d. guided compliance e. physical restraint f. response blocking
c. contingent exercise
Sally screams and cries when her parents ask her to put down her toy and come to the kitchen for supper. In response, her parent takes her hand and physically prompts her to put down the toy and then lead her by the hand to the kitchen
a. restitution b. positive practice c. contingent exercise d. guided compliance e. physical restraint f. response blocking
d. guided compliance
When John shoots a free throw incorrectly in basketball practice, his coach requires him to continue shooting until he has shot the ball correctly a number of times. In which type of punishment does the individual have to engage in the correct behavior contingent on the occurrence of the problem behavior?
a. positive practice
b. restitution
c. contingent exercise
d. guided compliance
a. positive practice
Which of the following procedures is NOT involved in the use of guided compliance?
a. negative punishment
b. positive punishment
c. negative reinforcement
d. extinction
a. negative punishment
In restitutional overcorrection, what must the learner do following the problem behavior?
a. correct the environment damaged by the behavior
b. comply with the task that was requested prior to the problem behavior
c. repeatedly engage in the correct behavior
d. engage in an effortful behavior that is not related to the problem behavior
a. correct the environment damaged by the behavior
In positive practice overcorrection, what must the learner do following the problem behavior
a. correct the environment damaged by the behavior
b. comply with the task that was requested prior to the problem behavior
c. repeatedly engage in the correct behavior
d. engage in an effortful behavior that is not related to the problem behavior
c. repeatedly engage in the correct behavior
Which form of positive punishment is based on the Premack Principle?
a. exclusionary time-out
b. response cost
c. application of aversive activities
d. application of aversive stimulation
c. application of aversive activities
In contingent exercise, what must the leaner do following the problem behavior?
a. correct the environment damaged by the behavior
b. comply with the task that was requested prior to the problem behavior
c. repeatedly engage in the correct behavior
d. engage in an effortful behavior that is not related to the problem behavior
d. engage in an effortful behavior that is not related to the problem behavior
