cognition

Cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

metacognition

thinking about thinking

concepts

a mental grouping of similar objects

Prototype

Best example of a concept

Schema (piaget)

framework that organizes and interprets information (basketball game)

Assimilation

Use pre-existing schema (interpretation) to interpret new information

(calling a cat a dog)

Accomodation

Modify schema to include new information

(You later notice all animals w/ 4 legs aren't all dogs)

Discovery :0

Creativity

coming up with new and useful solutions

Divergent thinking

Coming up with as many solutions as possible

Convergent thinking

Narrow down your solutions

Algorithm

step by step problem solving process that gaurentees a solution

• arrives at the right answer

• slow

Heuristic

Problem solving shortcut, rule of thumb strategy.

(works in a lot of cases)

Availability Heuristic

Judge the likelihood of smth based on accessibility in your memory

exp: car accident, you're more cautious as it's fresh in your mem so you associate it with bad although likelihood is the same

Representativeness Heurisitc

Judging the likelihood of something by matching it to a prototype

Exp: Differentiate 100 truck drivers and 10 english teachers, one dressed w a suit and books you'd assume is the ET

Gamblers Fallacy

We think random events are influenced by what comes before them

exp 1-50 chance of winning

Sunk-cost-fallacy

Continue doing something because we've already soent so much time and effort

Fixation

Inability to see a problem from a new prespective

Functional FIxedness

Inability to see another use for an object other than it's intended use

PAPER CLIPP

Framing

How an issue is posed

Mental set

Predisposition (or bias) to using problem solving strategies that have worked in the past.

Comfirmation Bias

Tendecy to seek out information that supports what we already believe. We ignore contradictory info

Backfire effect

being told you're wrong chemmically feels like getting punched

Overconfidence

Overestimate our problem solving ability

Memory

something that we learned that persists, internal representation of the past

Retrieval

Pulling items from our memory

Recall

No retrieval cues

fill in the blank questions

Recognition

Retrieval cues

multiple choice test

Relearning

easier to learn the second time

Prospective memory

remembering something in the future you remember to take your medication at 2

Retrospective

Remembering something in the past, you incode info, events, or experiences from the past.

Explicit/declartive memory

Memory; Effort

Birthday, anything you have to say outloud

Implicit/non-declarative

Memory: No effort

Bell rings

Procedural motor skills; brushing teeth

Episodic

Past event

Semantic

meaning, general info; red means stop

encoding

process of putting information into the memory system

Acoustic codes

is sound, lasts for 1 sec

Visual codes

represent stimuli as pictures, like my address on a box

procedural memory

memory containing information like how to ride a bike, complicated procedures. Can't be described in words.

storage

holding info in memory overtime

Iconic memory

image stays 1 sec so iconic!

Maintenence Rehersal

Repition, like reading your notes over and over again

Elaborative Rehersal

Link to prior info

link to personal

Eidetic memory

photographic memory

flashbulb memory

Memory of tramatic event

sensory memory

holds sensory information for less than a second

short-term memory

holds 5-9 items and less than 20 seconds

Executive Functioning

-plan

-organize

-prioritize

working memory

allows us to mentally work with, or manipulate info being held in short-term mem

central executive

visual sketchpad, visual info, phonological loop, auditory info

long-term memory

Amount of items can hold is unlimited

Immediate memory-span

max amt of numbers an item a person can recall perfectly after one presentation of items

selective attention

The process of focusing on a particular object in the environment for a certain period of time.

sensory registers

memory systems that briefly hold incoming information

brown-peterson procedure

a method for determining how long unrehearsed information remains in short-term memory

chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units

encoding specifically

the tendency for memory of information to be improved if related information that is available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved

context dependence

Memory can be helped or hindered by similarities or differences between learning and recall environments. Studying in a classroom where test will be given

state dependence

memory that is helped by a persons internal state during learning vs recall. If you're on drugs while learning, you're more likely to rcall it more if you're on the drug again

constructive memory theory

• Memory isn't exact, it's disorted and is actively constructed

Reconstruction

retrieving memory we fill gaps with assumption

forgetting curve

memory declines rapidly after learning but rate of forgetting slows overtime

spacing effect

spaced-out practice leads to better retention than cramming (me rn)

decay

gradual disapperence of info from men

retroactive interference

learning new info interferes with recall of older information

Proactive interference

old info interferes with learning or remembering new info

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

retrograde amnesia

an inability to retrieve information from one's past

repressed memories

memoriesblocked due to the memory being associated with a high level trauma. The "recovered" memories may be disorted as memory is reconstructive

mnemonics

memory aids, using acronyms or link items by weaving them to stories

Acrostics

PEMDAS

Method of loci

placing items you want to remember in sim location (keys)

Peg-word system

associates numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the numbers