Respiratory

Human Phys/Tech/Devices

acclimitization

multistep adaptive response of the body making hemopoietic and respiratory adjustments at different elevations

apnea

cessation of breathing

asthma

respiratory passages swell and bronchioles constrict; wheezing and gasping for air caused frequently by allergic reactions

atelectasis

lung collapse which renders lung useless for ventilation; occurs when air enters pleural cavity through a chest wound

carbon monoxide poisoning

CO outcompetes O2 hemoglobin; CO has 200x the affinity for hemoglobin as does O2

chronic bronchitis

excessive mucus production by the mucosa of lower resp. pathways and inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosa; obstructs airways

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

chronic bronchitis and obstructive emphysema; history of smoking, labored breathing, coughing, and pulmonary infections developing into resp. failure

cleft palate

hard palate bones fail to fuse hole results

cystic fibrosis

oversecretion of viscous mucus that clogs respiratory passageways and predisposes child to eventually fatal respiratory infections

deviated septum

nasal septum takes a more lateral cause than usual and may obstruct breathing: old age and nose trauma

epitaxis

“nosebleed” or nasal hemorrhage; trauma or hard blowing

Heimlich maneuver

air in a person’s lung is used to “pop out” or expel the obstruction

hyperpnea

breathing becomes deeper and more vigorous but no change in respiratory rate

hyperventilation

increased depth/rate of breathing; flushes CO2 out of blood increasing pH

hypoventilation

breathing is shallow and slow

anemia hypoxia

poor O2 delivery resulting from too few RBCs or from RBCs that contain chemical abnormal or inadequate amounts of hemoglobin

ischemia hypoxia

blood circulation is impaired or blocked (heart failure)

hypoxemic hypoxia

reduced arterial pressure of O2

laryngitis

inflammation of vocal cords (overuse of voice, bacterial infections, very dry ai, inhaling irritating chemicals)

squamos cell carcinoma

arises in epithelium of bronchi and larger subdivisions; form masses that cavitate and bleed

adenocarcinoma

originates in peripheral lung areas as solitary nodules that develop from bronchial glands and alveolar cells

small cell carcinoma

consists of lymphocyte like cells that develop, originate in the primary bronchi and grow aggressive in cords or gape-like clusters within the mediastinum

obstructive emphysema

permanent enlargement of the alveoli and deterioration of the alveolar walls may lead to lung fibroid and lungs lose elasticity

orthopnea

inability to breathe in a horizontal position

oxygen toxicity

excessive oxygen concentration generate large amounts of harmful free radicals; profound CNS disturbances culminating in coma death

pleurisy

inflammation of pleura can be caused by decreased secretion of pleural fluid; pleural surfaces become dry and rough, resulting in infection and pain

pneumonia

infections inflammation of the lungs in which fluid accumulates in the alveoli (viral bacterial, or fungal)

pulmonary embolism

obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of the branches by an embolus clot

stuttering

condition in which vocal chords of larynx are out of control and the first syllable of a word is repeated in machine gun fashion

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant during sleep; believed to be caused by immaturity of the resp. control centers

tracheotomy

surgical opening of the trachea to provide a route for air to reach the lungs when superior respiratory passageways are obstructed

tuberculosis

infectious disease caused by bacteria - *Myobacterium t.*; spread by repeated exposure to airborne bacteria, usually from an infected person’s cough; affects lungs but may spread to lymphatic system; bacteria walled off in fibrous nodules (tubercles) in the lungs

hiccups

occur when a spasm contracts the diaphragm causing an intake of breath that is suddenly stopped by the closure of the vocal cords (glottis). A very full stomach can cause bouts of these (eating too much, swallowing air, sudden changes in stomach temp, stress). Most cures focus on increasing carbon dioxide in the blood. Long term (…) due to nerve issues.

acid buffer

HCO3- + H+ → H2CO3

* excess hydrogen combines with HCO3- to form H2CO3
* increase pH

base buffer

H2CO3 + OH- → HCO3- + H20

* excess hydroxide combines with H2CO3 to form HCO3- and water
* decrease pH

bohr effect

declining blood pH (acidosis) which weakens the bond between hemoglobin and O2; unloads O2 where needed

age associated

alveolar perfusion decreases

age associated

alveoli increase in size (when dilated, elasticity is lost, decreased gas exchange)

age associated

decreased surface area for gas exchange

age associated

costal cartilage tends to ossify (become bone) - decreases ability for lungs to expand

age associated

articulations (joints) stiffen; thorax doesn’t expand as well - decreases ability for lungs to expand

age associated

decreased lung elasticity

age associated

decreased vital capacity (greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking a deep breath)

age associated

increased residual volume

age associated

decreased ventilation/perfusion ratio

age associated

decreased ability for physical activity

age associated

chemoreceptors (sense of smell) become less sensitive

age associated

partial pressure of O2 in the blood decreases