Neurology Anatomy

What does the prosencephalon develop into

Forebrain

What does the telencephalon develop into

Cerebrum

What does the diencephalon develop into

Thalamus

What does the mesencephalon develop into

Midbrain

What does the rhombencephalon develop into

Hindbrain

What does the metencephalon develop into

Pons and cerebellum

What does the myelencephalon develop into

Medulla oblongata

Longitudinal fissue

Separates the hemispheres

Type of joint in vertebrae

Amphiarthrodial symphysis

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

Extend from sacrum to occipital bone, maintains stability and prevents hyperextension

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

Extends from within vertebra from sacrum to C2, prevents disc herniation and hyperflexion

Anulus Fibrosus

Outer portion of vertebral disc

Nucleus Pulposus

Center core of disc, water present for shock absorption.

Accessory Spine Ligaments

Ligamenta Flava, interspinous ligament, supraspinous ligament, intertransverse ligaments

Purpose of interspinous and supraspinous ligaments

Join spinous processes

Alar Ligament

Extends from dens to foramen magnum, prevents excess rotation

Ligamenta Flava

Ligament that extends from lamina above to lamina below, prevents abrupt flexion

Outer periosteal

Outer dura mater that fuses with later of bone

Inner meningeal

Inner dura mater that forms dural sac

Location of ventricles

1st and 2nd inside cerebral hemispheres, 3rd below corpus callosum, 4th between pons and cerebellum

Where do the spinal nerves exit

Intervertebral foramina

Tectum

Roof like part of midbrain posterior to cerebral aqueduct, contains corporal quadrigemnia with superior and inferior colliculus

Superior Colliculus

Nuclei that process vision

Inferior Colliclus

Nuclei that process hearing

Inferior Olivary Nucleus

Relay centers for signals to cerebellum

Reticular Formation

Loose network of nuclei extending throughout the medulla, pons, and midbrain

What cranial nerves go through midbrain

3, 4

What cranial nerves go through the pons

5, 6, 7, 8

What cranial nerves go through medulla

9-12

Vermis

Connects left and right cerebellar hemispheres

Spinothalamic role

Senses pain, temperature, tickle, itch

Spinothalamic process

First order neuron synapse on posterior horn, second order decussate to contralateral spinal cord, third order travel to cerebral cortex

Gracile Fasciculus role

Carries proprioception from T6 below

Gracile Fasciculus

First order neuron travel ipsilateral on spinal cord, decussates at gracile nucleus on medulla oblongata, through thalamus

Corticospinal role

Controls finely coordinated limb movements

Corticospinal pathway

Starts in cerebral cortex, moves to pyramids on medulla oblongata, decussate in lower medulla, ends in lateral side of spinal cord

Splanchnic Nerves

Paired nerves carrying ANS fibers to viscera

Collateral ganglia

Celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric

Nicotinic Receptors

Cholinergic fibers that are always stimulatory, in both SNS and PSNS

Muscarinic

Cholinergic receptors that are stimulatory or inhibitory, in both CNS and PSNS

B1 receptor

Stimulate the heart in the SNS

B2 receptor

Inhibit respiratory centers in SNS, bronchodilation

Alpha 1 receptor

Stimulate the SNS by constricting blood vessels

Alpha 2

Stimulate the SNS by activating platelets

Filum Terminale

Terminal filament at the end of the spinal cord, made of pia mater

Conus Medullaris

Medullary cone at end of spinal cord

What cranial nerve goes contralaterally through brainstem

Trochlear

Sensory nerves

I, II, VIII

Motor Nerves

III, IV, VI, XI, XII

Mixed Cranial Nerves

V, VII, IX, X

What is CNI name & what does it do

Olfactory nerve, smell

What is CNII’s name and what does it do

Optic Nerve, see

What is CNIII’s name and what does it do

Oculomotor Nerve, rotates eye & moves eye superiorly, inferiorly, and medially

What does the oculomotor nerve innervate

Inferior oblique, superior, inferior, medial rectus

What does injury to the oculomotor cause

Drooping eyelid, double vision, inability to move eye in certain directions

What is CNIV and what does it do

Trochlear Nerve

What does the trochlear nerve innervate

Superior oblique muscle

What does injury to the trochlear nerve cause

Double vision, extorsion position, unable to look down

What is CNV and what does it do

Trigeminal nerve, sensory for the forehead, face, jaws, tongue

Function of CNV1

Sense forehead region

Function of CNV2

Sense maxillary region

Function of CNV3

Sense jaws + tongue, move muscles of mastication

What is CNVI and what does it do

Abducens nerve, moves eyes laterally

What does abducens nerve innervate

Lateral rectus

What does injury to abducens nerve cause

Inability to move eye laterally

What is CNVII and what does it do

Allow facial expression and taste on anterior 2/3 tongue

Branches of facial nerve

Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical

What does injury to the facial nerve cause

Inability to taste anterior 2/3 of tongue, unable to express

What is CN VIII and what does it do

Vestibulocochlear nerve, senses hearing & balance

What is CNIX and what does it do

Glossopharyngeal nerve, senses posterior 1/3 of tongue, controls swallowing, salivation, blood pressure

What does injury to glossopharyngeal nerve cause

Loss of bitter taste, impaired swallowing, inability to regular BP

What is CNX and what does it do

Cardiac function, pulmonary function, digestive, urinary

What is CN XI and what does it do

Accessory Nerve, controls SCM and trapezius

What does injury to the accessory nerve cause

Impaired movement of trapezius, head turns to injured side

What is CNXII and what does it do

Hypoglossal nerve, controls tongue of speech, food manipulation

What does injury to the hypoglossal nerve cause

Ipsilateral atrophy with tongue deviating towards injured side

Arteries of the head

Supraorbital, infraorbital, facial, maxillary, lingual, superficial temporal, occipital

What innervates muscles of mastivations

Trigeminal V3

What innervates genioglossal

Hypoglossal

What innervates palatoglossal

Vagus

Which head arteries are palpable

Facial, superficial temporal

Muscles of suprahyoid Group

Digastric anterior and posterior, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid

Muscles of infrahyoid

Sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid, thyrohyoid

What innervates anterior digastric

CNV3

What innervates posterior digastric

CNVII

What innervates stylohyoid

Facial nerve

What innervates mylohyoid

CNV3

What innervates the geniohyoid

C1, CNXII

What innervates sternohyoid

C1-C3

What innervates sternothyroid

C1-C3

What innervates omohyoid

C2 & C3

What innervates thyrohyoid

C1 & hypoglossal

What innervates the SCM

Accessory nerve

What bone is the sella turcica in

Sphenoid

Where does CN1 exit

Cribriform plate

What bone contains the cribiform plate

Ethmoid

Where does CNII exit

Optic canal

What nerves exit superior orbital fissure

CNIII, CNIV, CNV1, CNVI

Where does CNV2 exit

Foramen rotundum

Where does CNV3 exit

Foramen ovale