The Extent of detente up to 1979

When was SALT I signed?

May 1972

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty - 26 May 1972

• Limited USA and USSR to two fields of ABMs, each with no more than 100 missiles.

• One to surround the capital and the other to protect ICBM sites

Interim Agreement on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms - May 1972

• Limited missile numbers for five years - ICBMs, SLBMs and strategic bombers

• Did not limit new technologies such as MIRVs or cruise missiles

Moscow Summit - May 1972

• Established the ‘basic principles of relations’ with the USA concerning the avoidance of a nuclear conflict

• Followed on from US-China improving relations as it made the Brezhnev regime anxious

The Vladivostok Summit - November 1974

• Agreed to a ten year programme to reach equal levels of ICBMs and SLBMs.

• Preliminary move to SALT II

Who was elected in 1977 that had a more positive attitude to limitation agreements?

Jimmy Carter

What did Brezhnev reject offered by Carter?

• MIRV, and ICBM reductions

• A ban on the development on new ICBMs

• Heavy bombers could only have missiles of 600-2500km

The Vienna Summit 1979:

• Finalised talks for SALT II

• No more than 2400 ICBMs, heavy bombers and SLBMs

• Strategic arms offensive reduced to 2250 by 1981

• Limit of missile launchers to 1200

What was German chancellor Willy Brandt new approach to European East-West relations?

Ostpolitik

The Treaty of Moscow 1970:

• USSR - West Germany pact for non-aggression that rejects the use of force and acknowledges post-war borders

What border was recognised by West Germany and Poland in 1970?

The Oder-Neisse border

The ‘Basic Treaty’ - 1972

Both Germanies recognise each other and begin to work on conflict resolution.

The Helsinki Accords:

• Signed by 35 states - included the USA

• Focused on Security in Europe, Cooperation on humanitarian and cooperation in science + technology.

What policy had caused US-Soviet tensions?

Ostpolotik

What was the soviet view on ostpolotik?

They wanted to extend Ostpolitik to all of Eastern Europe, to include the recognition of post-war frontiers

What was the US view on Ostpolitik?

Threatened US position in Europe and, along with the Helsinki Final Act, meant accepting a divided Germany and Eastern Europe subservient to USSR.

Who did the USSR heavily tax upon emigrating?

Jews seeking to move to Israel or USA.

The Jackson-Vanick amendment:

Denied credit to any ‘non-market’ economy that taxed rights on emigration - the USSR - employing economic warfare

What was the USSR’s response to the Jackson-Vanick amendment?

They pulled out of all trade agreements entirely

What did Carter approve of in 1978 following a refusal for a SALT II?

New weapons programmes including the development of the B2 Spirit Stealth bomber nicknamed the “Black project”

What did Carter do in December 1979?

Convinced Nato members to increase military expenditure by 3%

When did Mao die?

September 1976

Who replaced Mao?

Deng Xiaoping

Why did the appointment of Deng Xiaoping improve Sino-US relations?

Deng emphasised economic struggle and saw trade with the us as its saviour

What did Carter recognise in December 1978?

The People’s Republic of China