Social Psychology - Exam #3

aggression

physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone

hostile

aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself (hurting the other person is the goal, not a means to something else)

Instrumental

aggression that is a means to some other ends

symbolic

aggressive behavior that interferes within a victim's advancement toward a goal

sanctioned

aggressive behavior that society accepts or encourages

relational aggression

any behavior that is intended to harm someone by damaging or manipulating relationships with others

Proactive RA

when behaviors are a means for achieving a goal (exclude someone from the group to keep status)

Reactive RA

Behavior that is in response to provocation, with the intent to retaliate (the teased becomes the teaser)

Covert RA

indirect, hidden acts of aggression (social isolation, exclusion)

Physical/Overt RA

direct, blatant acts of aggression, can be physical or verbal. Harm though damage or threat of damage to another's physical well-being

Frustration

the blocking of goal-directed behavior (the feeling you get when you're trying to do something, but something or someone interferes with it.)

Frustation-Aggression Theory

Frustration predicts aggression

Displacement

the redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of frustration, new target is usually safer and/or more socially acceptable to aggress against

anger

Frustration revised: Frustration leads to ________

understandable

Frustration does not lead to aggression when the frustration is _________

expectations, attainments

The gap between ________ and _________ leads to frustration

Relative deprivation

the perceptions that one is less well off than others to whom one compares oneself

adaptation level

the tendency to adapt to a level of stimulation and to react to changes from that level

Anger

emotional readiness to aggress

Social learning theory

learn social behavior by observing and imitating, as well as by being rewarded and punished

arousal, hostile, aggression

when ________ is combined with ________ thoughts and feelings it leads to __________

group context

________ ________ may amplify aggressive tendencies

diffusion of responsibility, de-individuation, conformity

why does group context amplify aggressive tendencies?

slight increase

Violent TV leads to a ______ ______ in aggressive behavior

desensitizers viewers and alters perception of reality

Why does violent TV lead to an increase in aggressive behavior?

meta-analysis

combining information (statistical) from many different studies to derive an overall estimate of the pattern of results (treatment's effect)

effect size

a measure of the strength of a phenomenon

cohen's d

the difference between two means divided by the standard deviation of the data

aggressive behavior in children and young adults, physiological arousal, aggression-related thoughts, aggression-related feelings

Violent games increases

pro-social behavior

Violent games decreases

increased, rumination

Violent video games ______ aggression even 24 hours after the game due to ________

not

Most stranger rapes are _______ reported

not

most acquaintances rapes are _____ reported

sexual, increases, media

______ violence _______ as explicit _______ images increase

distorted perception of response to sexual coercion, increased aggression against women

Viewing explicit media images can lead to

reduced attraction to partner, higher acceptance of affairs, higher in perceiving women in sexual terms

Repeated exposure to pornography leads to

catharsis

a release of emotional tension, as after an overwhelming experience, that restores or refreshes the spirit

decrease, substitute, justifiable, nonintimidating

arousal is more likely to ______ if there is not a _________, it is ________, and the target is _______

Through practice because cruel acts lead to cruel attitudes

How do you become an anger person?

use "I" statements

How do you bring yourself out of anger?

Social learning theory of aggression

Acquisition of aggressive behaviors via observational learning processes

Cognitive neoassociation theory of aggression

Aversive events such as frustrations, provocations, loud noises, uncomfortable temperatures, and unpleasant odors produce negative affect

Script theory of aggression

When children observe violence in mass media, they learn aggressive ____

Excitation transfer theory of aggression

Physiological arousal dissipates slowly

If two arousing events are separated by a short amount of time, arousal from the first event may be misattributed to the second event

If the second event is related to anger, then the additional arousal should make the person even angrier

Social interaction theory of aggression

Interprets aggressive behavior (or coercive actions) as social influence behavior, i.e., an actor uses coercive actions to produce some change in the target's behavior.

General aggression model

A theory that explains aggression as the result of personal factors (like personality or mood) and situational factors (like provocation). These influence a person's thoughts, feelings, and arousal, which then affect how they interpret the situation and decide how to respond—either aggressively or not.

person factors of aggression

things inside the individual like: personality, beliefs, attitudes, mood

situation factors

Any important features of the situation, such as the presence of a provocation or an aggressive cue

prejudice

a biased attitude toward a group of people or an individual member of a group based on unfair generalizations about what members of that group are like

Entity implicit theory

Traits are fixed and will not vary by situation

more likely to

- Use and form stereotypes

- Agree strongly with stereotypes

- See stereotypes as inherent group differences

- Make extreme judgments on limited info

- See other groups as having less intragroup diversity

Incremental implicit theory

traits not fixed, can change over time and situations

sexism

negative attitudes towards others because of their sex/gender

assertiveness, less

________ is perceived as ______ favorable when it is a female

benevolent sexism

the attribution of positive traits to women that, nonetheless, justify women's subordination to men

hostile sexism

A form of sexism that is openly negative and antagonistic toward women—for example, the belief that "once he commits, she will put him on a tight leash." It reflects distrust and resentment toward women who are seen as trying to control men or gain power.

4o

stereotype

A rigid set of beliefs (positive or negative) about the attributes of a group, resulting in rigid, overgeneralized images of members of that group

explicit stereotypes

consciously aware of

implicit stereotypes

unconsciously occur and are auto activated

pressed for time, preoccupied, tired, emotionally aroused, young

may be more likely to employ stereotypes when:

discrimination

unjustifiable behavior toward a group or its members

overt discrimination

rules that openly target subordinates for negative and harmful treatment

covert discrimination

rules that appear to be fair, but systematically have a harsh effect on members of subordinate groups

racism

negative evaluation of others because of their race or ethnicity

modern racism

subtle racial prejudice expressed in a less open manner. Characterized by a feeling of uncertainty in feelings and behavior toward racial outgroups.

ingroup bias

the tendency to favor our own group

xenophobia

fear of strangers

illusory correlatoin

the perception of a relationship where none exists

Out-group homogeneity effect

Perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup members. Thus, "they are alike; we are diverse"

ultimate attribution error

a bias where people attribute negative behaviors of outgroups to internal, inherent traits, while attributing positive behaviors to luck or situational factors.

Social Inequalities, religion and culture

Social roots of prejudice?

stigma

a mark of disgrace

social stigma

a severe social disapproval of personal characteristics or beliefs that are against culture norms

marginalization

exclusion from meaningful participation in society

Heterosexism

ideological system that denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes any nonheterosexual form of behavior, identity, relationship, or community

Microaggression/Daily Hassles

Commonplace verbal, behavioral, or environmental slights, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative attitudes toward members of marginalized groups

Weathering

How the stress from experiencing bias shapes or weathers the body

intersectionality

The interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage

prosocial behavior (helping)

behavior that has the consequence of providing some benefit to, or improving the well-being of another person

altruism

a motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests

Egoism

an assumed underlying, ever-present motive to increase one's own welfare. The opposite of altruism.

social exchange theory

human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one's rewards and minimize one's cost over the long term

physical (money, favors), psychological (belongingness, control, self-esteem)

rewards to maximize

effort, money, inconvenience, embarrassment

rewards to minimize in social exchange theory

social exchange

trading of benefits within relationships

communal sharing

all group members share in the group's resources as needed and depend on one another for mutual care (tight-knit family)

authority ranking

higher-ranking individuals are entitled to loyalty, respect, and deference; lower-ranking individuals are entitled to protection, advice, and leadership (military squad)

equality matching

no one gets more than others: people take turns, share equally, and reciprocate benefits

market pricing

individuals trade according to rational rules of self-interest, taking goods and services in proportion to what they put in, and seeking the best possible "deal"

behaviorism perspective on pure altruism

behavior is determined by past reinforces and punishments, past learning determines whether a person helps

reciprocity norm

says we should help those who have helped us or will help us

social responsibility/expectation norm

says we should help anyone who needs it

evolutionary perspective on pure altruism

a general tendency to help others at our own expense or we couldn't evolve

kin selection

evolution has selected for the tendency to help one's relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes

empathy

the vicarious experience of another's feelings; putting oneself in another's shoes

Empathy-altruism hypothesis

If empathy is aroused, then people will act altruistically

Empathy-punishment hypothesis

helping occurs because individuals are motivated to relieve their own negative emotion and avoid the guilt/shame of failing to help

bystander effect

the more people around the less likely we are to help someone in need

Latane & Darley's 3-stage model of helping

potential helpers must first notice the incident, then interpret it as an emergency, then assume responsibility for helping

distractions, time pressure

failure to notice in the 3 stage model of helping is due to

informational influence

the tendency for people to conform when they assume that the behavior of others represents the correct way to respond