2. Groups As Structured Open Systems

Theory

Is a map of reality that helps us navigate unfamiliar territory and make decisions

General Systems Theory

A system is a set of elements functioning as a whole through interdependent relationships

Ludwig von Bertalanffy

developed the general systems theory

The Small Group as a System

Group members are interdependent with one another and the group as a whole is interdependent on the environment

Input Variables

the energy, information, and raw material used by an open system that is transformed into output by throughput processes

Throughput Variables

The actual functioning of a system, or how the system transforms inputs into outputs

Output Variables

The tangible products or achievements of the group system through the Throughput Process

Bona Fide Group Perspective

The focus on the relationship between a group and its environment, which is a characteristic of real-life, naturally occurring groups

Bona Fide Group Perspective ex

= Group members are influenced by their other groups

= Groups coordinate with other groups within the same system

= Groups communicate within and throughout the larger environment to interpret goals

Closed System

Has a limited flow of information between itself and the environment

An open system

has a free exchange of information with its environment, that is, with inputs and outputs flowing back and forth between the system and its environment

Boundary Spanners

Protects and scout for information

interdependent

When elements of a system mutually influence each other

Feedback

The return of system outputs as system inputs, which allows the system to monitor its movements toward goals and make necessary changes

Multiple Causes

Groups are so complex that many factors combine to produce the final outcome

Multiple Paths

The idea that system objectives can be reached in a variety of ways

Synergy

The principle that a group is not the mere sum of its part

Positive Synergy

(assembly effect) occurs when the group performance is greater than the sum of individual contributions.

negative synergy

(process loss) occurs when the group's output is less than the individual members ability