GPH 301 Exam 1 CH 3-5

Precede-Proceed Model (PPM)

most widely used planning model in public health. embodies an ecological approach to changing health behavior. THIS IS A PLANNING FRAMEWORK NOT A THEORY.

Phase 1 (PPM)

Social Assessment: community based participatory research. a collaboration between the community and researchers to solve community health issues.

Phase 2 (PPM)

Ecological Assessment: Needs of community translated to MEASURABLE health objectives... identifies environmental and behavioral influences that have strong connections to the health objective

Phase 3 (PPM)

Educational and Ecological Assessment: Identifies predisposing, enabling, and enforcing factors and ranks them by degree of importance and their changeability.

Phase 4 (PPM)

Administrative Policy Assessment and Intervention: Assess capacity and resources available to implement programs and change policies in accordance to the community needs. WHERE PRECEDE ENDS AND PROCEED BEGINS

Phase 5 (PPM)

Implementation: initiation of program after the program is assessed.

Phase 6 (PPM)

Process Evaluation: determines if program is implemented as intended and it is reaching the target population, doing what its supposed to do.

Phase 7 (PPM)

Impact Evaluation: determines whether the intermediate health objectives were achieved

Phase 8 (PPM)

Outcome Evaluation: examines the long-term impact of the program effects that may take several years to complete... "Was there really a change?"

Predisposing factors

knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, values or confidence hinder motivation towards change

Reinforcing factors

rewards for performing protective health behavior

Enabling factors

allow a person to translate their desire for health behavior into actual behavior

Value Expectancy Theory

assume people will change a behavior if they anticipate the benefit will outweigh the cost, most also account for perceptions of immediate vs delayed benefits

Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)

suggests that beliefs about health behaviors and social influences are equally important in shaping behavioral intent

TRA Measures of Intent

Look at time frame of behavior, look at the action of the behavior, desired outcome, context of the behavior

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

essentially TRA with perceived behavioral control

Perceived Behavioral Control

concerned with the extent to which a person or group perceive that they are able to control the outcome, this perception is based on external factors that influence the person's decisions

Facilitating Factor

enable health behaviors

Inhibiting Factor

any actual or perceived external factor that inhibit healthy behavior

Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model

Three Constructs: 1. Information: suggests having a high degree of relevant knowledge pertaining to the health behavior is considered prereq to behavior change

2. Motivation: involves a range of perceptions related to desired behavior

3. Actual skill and self-efficacy to perform desired behavior

Elicitation (IMB)

analyses association between "Information" "Motivation" "Behavior Skills"

Intervention (IMB)

designs an intervention

Evaluation (IMB)

collects follow-up data which is analyzed for associations between IMB constructs

Perceived Threat

the combo of the perception of a threatening stimulus and perceived vulnerability

Health Belief Model (HBM)

father of fear models based on: perceived threat and expected net gain of adopting a health behavior. People will engage in health behavior if they value its outcome and if they THINK the behavior will result in that outcome

Perceived Severity

Occurs first. "How bad would it be if this happened to me?"

Perceived Susceptibility

Occurs second. "How likely could this happen to me?"

Perceived barriers

Health behavior occurs if perceived barriers are low

Net gain

what remains after resources to perform the health behavior have been allocated if perceived value goes of benefit increases and perceived barriers are lower, net gain goes up

Likelihood of action

assesses degree of motivation someone has to do health behavior

cues to action

events from credible source that encourage behavior

self-efficacy

people won't try a new behavior unless they are confident they can perform it

Protection Motivation Theory (PMT)

Similar to HBM but is more of a communication theory.... used for designing health awareness campaigns by using fear to motivate health behavior

Threat Appraisal

Appraisal process of PMT that assesses a health threat via looking at severity and probability of a bad health outcome

Coping Appraisal

Appraisal process of PMT that is a response efficacy of recommended behavior that evaluates how effective the behavior will be in protecting the individual

Extended Parallel Process Model

Attempts to answer "How do individuals respond to fear arousing communications... This model examines the reaction to fear based health awareness programs. They will engage in a danger control process or reject it and engage in a fear control process

Danger Control

People implement strategies to reduce or avoid the threat

Fear Control

People focus on controlling their own fear rather than the threat

Positive Outcome

Message acceptance and danger control are predicted by certain types of message processing

Negative Outcome

defensive motivation, message rejection and fear control are predicted by other types of message processing

Defensive Avoidance

individual blocks further thoughts or feelings about the health threat and avoids further information about the topic to avoid exposing them to more fear