Ex 1 : reaction of copper

Flitrate

liquid that passes through a fliter

Decant

carefully pour off a liquid without disturbing the solid

gelatinous

jelly like in texture

Coagulate

particles come together and form a lump or solid.

supernatant

the clear liquid on top of a solid or ppt

Bumping

sudden violent boiling caused by uneven heating.

Vacuum filtration

uses suction to quickly separate a solid from a liquid through a filter.

Bunsen burner

provides a controlled flame for heating in the lab.

Fume hood

a ventilated enclosure that removes harmful vapors to keep you safe.

Balance

an instrument used to measure mass accurately.

1. Copper metal → Copper(II) nitrate

Cu(s) + 4 HNO3​(aq) → Cu(NO3​)2​(aq) + 2 NO2​(g) + 2 H2​O(l)

blue aqueous solution and brown gas

2) Copper(II) nitrate → Copper(II) hydroxide

Cu(NO3​)2​(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) → Cu(OH)2​(s) + 2 NaNO3​(aq)

blue precipitate

3) Copper(II) hydroxide → Copper(II) oxide

Cu(OH)2​(s) → CuO(s) + H2​O(l)

black solid

4) Copper(II) oxide → Copper(II) sulfate

CuO(s) + H2​SO4​(aq) → CuSO4​(aq) + H2​O(l)

blue solution

5) Copper(II) sulfate → Copper metal

CuSO4​(aq) + Zn(s) → ZnSO4​(aq) + Cu(s)

reddish-brown solid

Percent Yield (% recovery)

How much product you actually got compared to how much you should have gotten
→ Measures efficiency and product loss (spills, incomplete reactions, filtration loss, etc.)

Percent Atom Economy

How efficiently atoms are used to make the desired product
→ Measures waste vs. useful product (green chemistry)

combination

2 or more elements added together to produce a new molecule 2Na+Cl2= 2NaCl

decomposition

molecules broken down to form smaller molecules: 2NaCl = 2Na + Cl2

Displacement

exchange of components between molecules

single displacement

AB+C=AC+B

Double displacement

AB+CD=AD+BC

Neutralization

AH+BOH = AB+ H2O / acid + base = salt + water