Italy was divided into a spectrum of city-states, ruled by an assortment of princes, prelates, and the occasional republic; the citizens call themselves _________.
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Guilds
______ were artist associations that determined:
* how long apprenticeships should take, * how many apprentices an artist could have, and * what the proper route would be for an artist trying to establish him- or herself on his or her own.
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free-market
The guild system remained in effect until replaced by the ____ approach that took hold in the eighteenth century.
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Franciscans
the devoted followers of Saint Francis of Assisi
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Dominicans
the faithful followers of Saint Dominic de Guzman
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Trecento
the 1300s, or fourteenth century, in Italian art
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Maniera greca
(Italian for “Greek manner”) a style of painting based on Byzantine models that was popular in Italy in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries
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emotions
Expressions and gestures intensify ______.
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Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel
* It is also called the Scrovegni Chapel after the name of the patron, Enrico Scrovegni. * Some narrative scenes illustrate biblical episodes of ill-gotten gains. * It was built to expiate the sin of usury through which Scrovegni’s father amassed a fortune; shows the rise of patronage from the European business class.
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Last Judgment from the Arena Chapel
**Content**
* Christ as judge, coming at the end of the world. * Heavenly powers are arranged in an organized chorus; heads aligned in a row. * Twelve apostles are arranged symmetrically around Christ. * Cross at bottom center divides the saved from the damned.
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Lamentation from the Arena Chapel
* Shallow stage; figures occupy a palpable space pushed forward toward the picture plane.
* Diagonal cliff formation points to main action daringly placed in lower left-hand corner. * Sadness of scene emphasized by grieving angels. * shows scenes of Jesus’s followers mourning his death