AP Psych Unit 2 Part 1 Vocabulary

implicit memory

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

iconic memory

momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic/picture image memory lasting no more than a few 10ths of a second

echoic memory

momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds/words can still be recalled within 3-4 seconds

chunking

organizing items in familiar, manageable units'; often occurs automatically 

mnemonics

memory aids, uses vivid imagery and organizational devices

spacing effect

tendency for distributed study/practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study/practice 

testing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving, instead of re-reading info

shallow processing

encoding on a basic level, based on structure

deep processing

encoding semantically based on meaning of the word

semantic memory 

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge 

episodic memory

explicit memory of personally experienced events

hippocampus

neural center located in limbic system

memory consolidation

neural storage of a long term memory

flashbulb memory

clear memory of an emotionally significant memory

priming

unconscious activation of certain associations, predisposing ones perception

encoding specificity principle

idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping recall

mood-congruent memory

tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood

serial position effect

tendency to recall best the last items in a list initially and the first items after a delay

interleaving

retrieval practice strategy that involves mixing different topics

anterograde amnesia

inability to form new memories

retrograde amnesia

inability to remember the past

proactive interference

forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall on new information

retroactive interference

backward-acting disruptive eggiest of newer learning on the recall of old information

repression

psychodynamics theory, basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings or memories

reconsolidating

process in which previously stored memories when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stores again

misinformation effect

occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information

source amnesia

salty memory of how when, where information was learned

deja vu

“ive experienced this before”

intelligence

ability to learn from experience, solve problems and adapt

general intelligence

according to spearman, underlies all mental abilities, measured by every task on intelligence test

factor analysis

statistical procedure that id’s clusters of related items

fluid intelligence

ability to reason speedily and abstractively

crystalized intelligence

accumulated knowledge and verbal skills

CHC Theory

theory our intelligence is based on (g), bridged by (gF) and (gC)

savant syndrome

person has limited mental ability (computation or drawing)

Grit

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of a long term goal

emotional intelligence

ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotion

intelligence test

assessing individual aptitude and comparing them to others

achievement test

assess what person has learned

aptitude test

predict person’s future performance

mental age

measure of intelligence test devised by binet

intelligence quotient

(IQ) ratio of mental age to chronological age

Wechsler adelt intelligence scale

intelligence test, verbal and performance subtests

psychometrics

measurement of human ability, attitude and traits

standardization 

defining uniform testing procedure and meaningful scores by comparison to pretested group 

normal curve

symmetrical bell shaped curve

flynn effect

increase in intelligence test performance over time

reliability

extent to which test yields constant results

validity

extent to which test measures and predicts what its supposed to

content validity

extent to which a test samples behaviors that is of interest

construct validity

how much test measures concept or trait

predictive validity

success to which set predicts what its supposed to

cross-sectional study

compares people at different ages at the same time

longitudinal study

research follows and tests the same people

cohort

group of people sharing the same characteristics

growth mindset

focused on learning and not staying fixed

fixed mindset

view that intelligence, abilities talents are unchangeable 

stereotype threat

self conforming concern one will be evaluated based on negative stereotype 

George a miller

founder of cognitive psych, the magic number 7

Elizabeth loftus

human memory, studied malleability of human memory; misinformation effect and eye witness memory and false memories 

Charles spearman

2 factor theory, general factor underlies cognitive abilities 

LL Thurstone

challenged spearman, theory of primary mental abilities, 7 distinct factors of intelligence

howard gardner

intelligence isn’t a single general ability but a combo of distinct types of intelligence

francis galton

intelligence is hereditary

alfred binet

developed first practical intelligence test

lewis terman

developed stanford-binet intelligence

standard-binet

american revision of Binet’s original intelligence test

David Wechsler

developed WAIS, measures multiple facets of intelligence 

carol dweck

growth vs fixed mindset

Steven pinker

inane nature of language, evolved adaptations for communication