Bovine Heart Problems (almost done)

What is the normal HR?

50-80

T/F jugular pulse are normal?

True

What causes a jugular pulse?

Atrial contraction and carotid pulsation

What is a normal CRT?

1-2 seconds

What valves do you hear on the left side?

Mitral, aortic, pulmonic

What valves do you hear on the right side?

Tricuspid

What are some C/S that are very suggestive for cardiac disease?

Jugular vein distension or abnormal pulse

Murmurs

Pulse deficits

What C/S make you suspicious of cardiovascular disease involvement?

Edema, pulmonary edema, ascites or pleural effusion, arrhythmias, intermittent fever, sudden death

What are C/S of right heart failure?

Jugular vein distension

Edema

Ascites

What are causes of right heart failure?

Hardware dz, idiopathic pericardial effusion, high altitude disease, feedlot NIHD syndrome, lymphosarcoma

What is the sequel to traumatic peritonitis?

Traumatic reticulopericarditis

When does traumatic reticulopericarditis often occur?

Late pregnancy or parturition

A foreign body must pass through what before getting to the pericardium?

Reticulum then diaphragm then pericardium

What are the C/S of traumatic reticulopericarditis?

Acute decrease in feed intake/milk production

Abducted elbows

Positive grunt or withers pinch test

RSHF

What do abscesses in pericardial sack lead to?

Increased pericardial pressure which affects the right atrium first

How do you treat traumatic reticulopericarditis?

Antibiotics, rumenotomy, pericardial drainage, 5th rib resection

What is the prognosis of traumatic reticulopericarditis?

Poor

How do you prevent hardware disease?

Magnet

If a cow comes in with something similar to hardware disease, but it is acute what is it likely and how can you confirm it?

Idiopathic pericarditis pericardiocentesis that is hemorrhagic (hardware is not hemorrhagic)

How do you treat idiopathic pericarditis?

Pericardiocentesis/lavage

Anti-inflammatories

Antibiotics

What is contraindicated when treating idiopathic pericarditis?

Diuretics because they decrease preload

What is the pathophysiology of high altitude (brisket disease)

RSHF due to an increase in pulmonary arterial pressure due to pulmonary hypertension at altitude

What animals are susceptible to brisket disease?

Cattle from lowlands transported to altitude

How can you cure brisket disease?

Move them back to lower altitude

How can you prevent brisket disease?

Gradual introduction to altitude

Use native bulls for breeding

PAP test to screen high risk animals before breeding

Death due to brisket disease was caused by what?

Heart failure

What plant can exacerbate brisket disease but is not necessary?

Locoweed

What is NIHD?

Non-infectious heard disease that is heart failure common in feedlot

Describe heart failure feedlot?

50% in first 110 days on feed with steers more likely than heifers

Not increased risk with heavier weight

More treatments for BRD treatments

Worse in higher elevations

What can lymphosarcoma present as?

Right heart failure

Describe thymic lymphosarcoma?

Common in young animals and represents like Brisket edema until you palpate and it is hard

What are the types of murmurs?

Physiologic due to fever, anemia, bradycardia

What are the congenital heart defects?

VSD, PDA, T.O.F, persistent 4th aortic arch, ectopia cordis

What murmur does bacterial endocarditis cause?

Tricuspid systolic

What causes bacterial endocarditis?

T. pyo, E. coli, Strep

What are C/S of bacterial endocarditis?

Right heart signs, intermittent fever, other organ involvement

How do you treat bacterial endocarditis?

CBC: mild anemia decreased A:G ratio

Blood culture

How do you treat bacterial endocarditis?

Long term antibiotics but prognosis is poor

What is the most common defect in cattle?

VSD

Where is VSD located?

High in the septum and can be small or large

T/F VSD might not be detected until later in life?

True

What is the shunting of blood with VSD?

Left to right

What exacerbates VSD?

Pulmonary hypertension

What does a VSD sound like?

Pansystolic on right and left sides of thorax

Relative pulmonic stenosis on left side

Diastolic murmur of aortic inefficiency

Can hear split S2 sounds

What is a very common arrhythmia and what is a cause?

Atrial fibrillation due to a GI problem (electrolyte abnormality)

What do ventricular premature beats point you towards?

Ionophore toxicity or myocardial irritation

What do atrial premature beats point you towards?

Acid-base imbalance

What are the ECG characteristics of a-fib?

NO P wave

F waves present

Variation in R-R interval

Variation in QRA amplitude

How do you treat arrhythmias?

Correct primary problem and arrhythmia will go away

If treatment of primary problem did not resolve murmur what do you treat with?

Quinidine sulfate

What are the side effects of quinidine sulfate?

Diarrhea, depression, ataxia, blepharospasms, increased rumen contraction,

What are toxicity signs of quinidine sulfate?

Excessive ataxia, blepharospasms, or increased tachycardia if seen stop administration