Midterm semester 2

Which of the following is not a true statement regarding eicosanoids ?

They integrate activities of widely separated organs

The “first messenger” that provides communication between endocrine glands and target organs is the:

Nonsteroid hormone

Tropic hormones:

Target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion

A substance that may act as a second messenger at the cellular lever is:

cyclic adenosine monophosphate

When a small amounts of one hormone allows a second hormone to have its full effect, the phenomenon is called:

permissiveness

There are two main classifications of hormones: non steroid and ____.

steroid

Negative feedback is inhibitory and positive feedback is:

stimulatory

Scientists (physicians) who specialise in the endocrine system and diseases of the system are known as:

endocrinologists

“Tissue hormones” is another name that may refer to:

prostaglandins

Steroids are able to pass easily through a target cell’s plasma membrane because they are:

Lipid soluble

The endocrine system performs the same general functions as the nervous system- control, integration, and

communication

There are two main classifications of glands: endocrine and _____.

exocrine

Exocrine glands secrete their products into ______ that empty onto a surface or into a cavity

ducts

The posterior pituitary release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and:

oxytocin

The thymus gland:

promotes development of immune system cells

Corticoids are secreted by the adrenal:

cortex

Most endocrine glands may have the following characteristics:

Both A and B: Neurosecretory tissue and ducts to collect interstitial fluid

In comparison with the nervous system, the regulatory effects of the endocrine system are:

slow to appear, but long-lasting

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system ?

Chemical messengers travel short distances

Which of the following statements is false ?

Cells can have receptors for hormones or for neurotransmitters but not for both

Which hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and control the adenohypophysis?

Releasing hormones

The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from the:

Anterior pituitary

The hormone most likely to cause a shift from glucose catabolism is the:

Growth hormone

Tropic hormones:

Target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion

An insufficient amount of the growth hormone during the growth years could result in:

Dwarfism

Prolactin affects:

milk secretion

Growth of the ovarian follicle occurs as a result of:

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Hyposecretion of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) can cause:

Sterility

The posterior pituitary gland releases:

Oxytocin

An excessive amount of growth hormone during the growth years could result in:

Gigantis

True or false: Diabetics produce an excessive amount of insulin

False

True or false: Men do not produce oxytocin

false

True or false: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine disorders.

True

True or false:Adipose tissue contributes to the functioning of the endocrine system by producing a hormone called leptin, which plays a role in energy balance.

True

The hormone that causes ejaculation of milk into the mammary ducts is:

oxytocin

Hyposecretion of prolactin can cause…

insufficient milk production in nursing women

True or false:Calcitonin decreases calcium storage in bones, thereby raising blood calcium levels

false

The bodys biological clock is supported by the …

pineal gland

When water level increases the ____ releases less _____. This causes the kidneys to ______ water and _____ increases, returning to the body to homeostasis.

Pituitary gland, antidiuretic, reabsorb more (water), urination

The stem-like stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus is the…

infundibulum

True or false: the endocrine system functions at a much greater speed than the nervous system

False

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the…

Placenta

Hormones can be classified as either…

steroid or nonsteroid

True or false: An excess of parathyroid hormone can cause increased ossification of bone tissue

False

Which hormone increases calcium storage in bone ?

Calcitonin

Which of the following is a function of glucagon?

tends to increase blood glucose concentrations

True or false: The release of ADH and oxytocin is controlled by nervous stimulation

True

Growth of the ovarian follicle occurs because of

FSH

True or false: The parathyroid glands are located on the posterior surface of the thymus gland.

False

True or false: A major function of the pineal gland is the development of the lymphatic system

False

True or false: A hormone is able to stimulate more cells than a neurotransmitter

True

Which pancreatic hormone tends to promote the movement of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids out of the blood and into the tissue cells ?

Insulin

In the endocrine system, secreting cells send hormones to signal specific…

target cells

True or false: Endocrine glands are located either in the the head or the neck

False

Release of PTH in the body would cause a(n)…

increase in blood calcium

Which hormone stimulates uterine contractions ?

oxytocin

When a food item is consumed, the food is broken down into glucose which enters the ______. The ____ will secrete _____ to stimulate the _____ to enter cells. Excess glucose is stored in the ____ as _____ and blood sugar levels return to normal.

blood, pancreas, insulin, glucose, liver, glycogen

True or false: Sex hormones are produced by the ovaries, testes, and adrenal glands

true

Calcitonin:

Raises blood calcium levels

The hormones of the adrenal cortex are:

Steroid hormone

The principal thyroid hormone is:

triiodothyronine

Which of the following is a mineralocorticoid?

Aldosterone

An example of an androgen is:

Testosterone

Addison disease is a hyposecrection of the:

Adrenal cortex

Which hormone opposes the effect of glucagon ?

Insulin

Hyperthroidism with exophthalmos is characteristic of:

Graves disease

Increased urination is a symptom of which endocrine disorder:

Diabetes insipidus

The excretion of ____________________ in the urine of pregnant women led to the development of early pregnancy tests.

Chorionic gonadotropin

Lymph capillaries called lacteals are located in the:

small intestine

Lymphatic vessels:

all of the above: have thinner walls than veins, have lymph nodes located at intervals along their course, and contain more valves than veins

Which of the following are functions of the lymphatic system:

All of the above are functions of the lymphatic system: it serves as a defence mechanism against invading organisms and disease, it returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood, and it absorbs fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system and transports them to the venous circulation.

Which is not an organ of the lymphatic system?

pancreas

Lymph ducts empty into the circulatory system by draining into the:

subclavian veins

Lymph circulation relies on all of the following except:

the heart

Lymph nodes located in the groin are called the:

Inguinal lymph nodes

In advanced old age, the thymus may be largely replaced by:

fat

The tonsils located near the base of the tongue are called the:

lingual tonsils

The spleen is located in the:

left hypochondriac region

redness, heat, and swelling are symptoms of:

inflammation

Which of the following best describes the immunity stimulated by a vaccine?

Active, artificially acquired

The immunity that develops after a person has had a disease is an example of:

Active natural immunity

The skin and mucous membranes are examples of:

The first line of defence

Complement is normally:

Present in an inactive state in the blood

The inflammatory response is:

Innate immunity

In general, antibodies produce

Humoral immunity

Complement causes cells to:

Lyse

All of the following represent examples of innate immunity except:

Cell-mediated immunity

An immunoglobulin, or antibody molecule, consist of:

Two heavy and two light polypeptide chains

B-cells mechanisms are classified as:

Antibody-mediated immunity

Substances that, when introduced into the body, cause formations of antibodies against it are:

antigens

Adaptive immunity is controlled by two classes of lymphocytes called:

T cells and B cells

T-cell maturation begins in the

Thymus

Memory cells:

All of the above: are located in the lymph nodes, secrete antibodies if activated, develop into plasma cells during repeated exposure to specific pathogens

Stem cells arise from primitive cells in the:

Bone marrow

Activated B-cells divide rapidly and repeatedly to form clones of:

Memory cells and plasma cells

Once in the tissues, Monocytes develop into phagocytic cells called:

Macrophages

Which of the following can activate, or turn on, a naïve (inactive) B cell ?

Binding to its specific antigen

In the first stage of their development, Cells are known by all of the following terms except:

effector B cells

As blood leaves the heart to be transported to the tissues of the body, it travels through vessels that begin large in diameter and end in smaller diameter. Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow away from the heart in reference to vessel diameter?

arteries, arterioles, capillaries

Of the following options, which wold not increase peripheral arterial resistance?

Exercise