Semester 2

Causes of War

Failure to compromise, differences in ideals/opinions, national pride, ignored issues, human nature, governmental control/power.

Civil War

Started with geographic differences and disputes about slavery, division between North and South, Fort Sumter as the trigger event.

Advantages of the North

More industrial, control of the sea, more manpower, politically and financially stable, moral commitment to the cause.

Advantages of the South

Home field advantage, more talented officers, Southerners bred for fighting, only needed a tie.

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in South Carolina, first shots of the Civil War, no casualties.

Bull Run

First major battle of the American Civil War, surprising Confederate victory. Showed the war would be long and bloody, shattered Union hopes for a quick victory.

Long Term Union Strategy

Naval Blockade (cut the south off from Britain and France), Cut south in half (east/west at Mississippi River and north/south at Sherman), and capture Richmond (capital of confederacy

Antietam

one of the first union victories that gave them a solid military advantage, halted foreign support for south, and publicly launched emancipation proclamation

Emancipation Proclamation

Gave military commanders the ability to free slaves, increased black troops in the military.

Vicksburg

Union victory, control of the Mississippi River.

Gettysburg

Union victory, turning point in the war, one of the bloodiest battles.

Sherman's March

Cut the South in half, total war strategy.

Appomattox Courthouse

Lincoln's visit, Lee's surrender, end of the Civil War.

Casualties of the Civil War

Union troops, Confederate troops, wounded, died of wounds, died of disease.

Defensive war/trench warfare

Bunkered in trenches, "No man's land," trench foot, modern combat warfare.

American Involvement in WWI

Joined after Russia stepped out, increased morale.

Treaty of Versailles

Peace treaty that ended WWI, forgiveness vs. crippling Germany.

European Theatre

North Africa, Pearl Harbor, Battle of Stalingrad, Unconditional surrender, Invasion of Sicily/Italy, Battle of Atlantic, D-Day, Battle of Bulge, Allied air war, V-E Day

North Africa

Instead of attacking Germany head on, US attacks where they think Germany is weak, compiles multiple little battles and gives control of Africa (gave US military more battle experience)

Pearl Harbor

United States was more focused on sabotage, gave Japan perfect opportunity to bomb them

Battle of Stalingrad

Nazi advancement halted, Soviet Union's plea for help, slow US response.

Unconditional surrender

FDR's decision, enemy desperation, may have prolonged the war.

Invasion of Sicily/Italy

US gains more battle experience by fighting more experienced enemies (brutal battles), Italians became more aligned with allied powers but still many Nazis in Italy

Battle of Atlantic

Island hopping

Strategy in the Pacific, securing islands and creating air bases.

Hiroshima/Nagasaki

Atomic bombs, ended the war quickly, race against the Soviet Union.

Vietnam War

Topography/guerrilla warfare, escalation, the draft, Operation Rolling Thunder, search and destroy missions, Tet Offensive, Vietnamization.

Civil War Summary

caused civilians to try to do their part, whether they were fighting or not. Gettysburg was one of the first battles in a town, which harmed civilians. Emancipation proclamation caused a big turn in civilian morale. Even though citizens were split, everyone was negatively impacted

World War I Summary

caused civilians to encourage women to get involved in the workforce, and black folk began to mobilize and join the workforce too. Women improved the general work environment. Government passed laws to stop civilians from speaking freely, and civilians were encouraged to buy war bonds. Civilians began to conserve resources and ration

World War II Summary

caused civilians to continue to conserve resources, walking everywhere, donating fat, etc. Civilians continued to mobilize, aiding the war effort through the workforce. Propaganda was very prevalent. Japanese civilians were forced into internment camps

Vietnam Summary

caused civilians to be much more aware of what was going on (Vietnam was the first TV war). Civilians were protesting the war, the hippie movement was going on

Women in the Workforce

During World War 1, civilians encouraged women to join the workforce to support the war effort and improve the general work environment.

Conservation and Rationing

During World War 2, civilians were encouraged to conserve resources and ration their consumption to support the war effort.

Internment Camps

Japanese civilians in the United States were forcibly relocated and detained in internment camps during World War 2, a violation of their civil rights.

CIVIL - “Mary Chesnut’s Civil War” - Mary Chesnut

provides insight into the Civil War, examining the middle/upper-class society in the South, divisions between Southerners, and questions beliefs. She shares her family's struggles after the war, highlighting the long-lasting impact of the conflict

CIVIL - “Reaction to the Emancipation Proclamation” - Turner

describes the joyous reaction to Abraham Lincoln's proclamation, highlighting the community's celebration and the need for public change for the cause of war

CIVIL - “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” - Ambrose Bierce

follows Peyton Farquhar, a man about to be executed during the American Civil War, showcasing the power of the human mind in the face of imminent death

CIVIL - Walt Whitman Poems

uses drumbeats and bugles to express passionate emotions, reflecting the devastating effects of war. The rapid movement reflects Whitman's enthusiasm and passion. The poem emphasizes the need for America to move forward after war, acknowledging the inescapable nature of war and the symbolism of death and blood

WWI - Total War Handout

war involved military involvement, natural resources, and public opinions. Drafts were created to gather more men, while boards and administrations were established to save resources. Public disapproval led to propaganda and bonds

WWI - “Mobilizing Woman-Power” - Blanch

highlights the significant role of women in World War I, highlighting the connection between wartime sacrifice and women's disenfranchisement, and the mobilization of both genders

WWI/WWII - Homefront Themes

Fear, women, defend homeland, conservation, war bonds, sacrifice, mobilization, patriotism, community, media

WWII - “Coming of Age During World War II” - Hume

Woman from Illinois is suddenly thrust into the war effort when her brothers are forced to leave for the war. As soon as she graduated highschool, she had to pack everything up to go to work. Eventually she would meet her husband and have children

WWII - “Building the War Machine” - History Text

The Great Depression ended with military orders, a shortage of essential goods, and sharp inflation in 1942. The Office of Price Administration and the War Labor Board lowered prices and wage increases, leading to strikes. The Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act authorized the federal government to operate industries under strike. The draft left farms and factories short of personnel, leading to the enlistment of nearly 216,000 women. The war also led to racial tensions in the North, with many blacks leaving the South to work in the North. Roosevelt created the Fair Employment Practices Commission to monitor compliance with his executive order

WWII - “Letter to Joe” - Pat

Husband writes to wife about how exhausted he is, and how he hopes the war would just hurry up and end. He thinks it would be better to kill everyone in a family, as to not leave anyone to grapple with what’s left. He ends with how he misses his wife, and hopes she's having a good time

VIETNAM - “Vietnam on Television” - Hallin

The dramatization of stories in the news distorted the public's perception of what was actually happening in the field. Since it was visible in their homes, Americans were able to connect and empathize with the soldiers more than ever before. This caused an outcry of public opinion against the war

CIVIL - “A Confederate Account of the Battle of Gettysburg” - McKim

all through a Confederate's point of view, how after a gruesome and dreadful battle, the Confederates finally recieve victory over the Union. He describes a vivid image of what the Battle of Gettysburg was for a soldier

CIVIL - “An Account of the Battle of Bull Run” - Stonewall Jackson

recounts the bull run battles to his wife, praising God for victory and explaining his strategy of commanding the crowd. He is emotional, dangerous, violent, and senile, giving little credit to his men and focusing on the outskirts, despite suffering little to no injuries

CIVIL - “Recollections of Private” - Goss

depicts the details of a young man who enlists in the army during civil war. The training days are grueling and the soldiers are smart-asses. Aids in humanizing soldiers

CIVIL - “An Episode of War” - Crane

captures the experience of a young lieutenant who is shot during war time at an unexpected moment. Through the telling of this experience, the author is able to portray multiple viewpoints of the horrors and unpredictability of war

WWI - “All Quiet on the Western Front” - Erich Remarque

soldiers would keep coming but since they were inexperienced they would die. Nobody wanted to get close with them because they already lost their buddies. They would make mistakes like crowding together because they were scared. They talk about how life is basically kill, eat, sleep. They see men with their limbs and skulls blown off

WWI - “Big Two-Hearted River” - Ernest Hemingway

After Nick is wounded, physically and psychologically, during his stint as a soldier in Italy during World War I, he returns to the woods of northern Michigan and camps along the Two-Hearted River, fishing for trout and slowly restoring serenity and peace to his broken mind and emotions

WWI - “In Another Country” - Hemingway

Nick, a World War I vet, is in an Italian hospital for therapy on his wounded knee. He doubts the therapy and the tricycle-like machine prescribed by his doctor. His Italian major friend is also getting therapy for his injured hand. Four Italian soldiers brag about their war medals, while the major stays quiet about his own bravery. Later, the major reveals to Nick that his wife recently died, causing his profound sadness

WWI - “WWI Letters”

letters really aided in humanizing the soldiers, and it illustrated how terrible the living conditions were

WWII - “The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner” - Randall Jarrell

Metaphorically presenting the turret as another kind of womb, the speaker implies that he's as helpless as a baby—a comment on the vulnerability of innocent young men who suddenly find themselves facing the horrors of war. The final line, in which the military matter-of-factly rinses the dead speaker's remains from the plane, is a grim reflection on the way war treats young soldiers as expendable pieces of equipment

WWII - “It Took More Than Guts” - Morehead

Soldiers experienced a gruesome battle in Iwo Jima, they were mauled by Japanese and the island was destroyed by explosives. Was an example of American bravery and deadliness, as well as patriotism

WWII - “The Day They Bombed Casino” - Wallace

The main character is scared after witnessing Carlson's tragic death, while the captain is excited for the mission. The Germans taunt US soldiers, allowing Carlson to scream and bleed out. The bombing makes it impossible for flesh and blood to survive, and Carlson's screams are pitiful

VIETNAM - “Ambush” - Tim O’Brien

tells the story of the time Tim killed a man in an automatic response to gut-churning terror. Later, reflecting on the event, Tim is nearly certain that it was not a life-or-death situation and he could have let the man walk by

VIETNAM - “ The Things They Carried” - Tim O’Brien

Begins by describing an event that occurred in the middle of his Vietnam experience. catalogs the variety of things his fellow soldiers in the Alpha Company brought on their missions. Several of these things are intangible, including guilt and fear, while others are specific physical objects, including matches, morphine, M-16 rifles, and M&M’s candy

VIETNAM - “Camouflaging the Chimera” - Komunyakaa

focuses on a specific scene from the Vietnam War, an ambush in the jungle, about to be carried out by American troops on the Viet Cong. The theme is that of the experience of war, how a human adapts to nature and culture to pursue the military goal

Debt vs. Deficit

Debt is the amount of money owed to someone else. A deficit refers to spending more money than is received over the course of some period of time.

Proprietorship

business owned by an individual or family (ex: Lulus on main, Dairy Queen) 

Partnership

 co-owned by two or more people

Corporation

sell shares of stock to many “owners” (ex: CAT, Nike)

Monopoly/Trust

when a business has most/all control over a particular industry. The overall goal is the concept of ‘economies of scale’

Economies of Scale

ability to make a product cheaper than everyone else

“The Embargo” - William Bryant

Poem about how the author doesn’t like Thomas Jefferson. Throughout the poem, he expressed how he disliked Jefferson, British rulers, and compared Jefferson to British rulers. He also expressed that people should rally together against congress to avoid fear and economic failure from embargo

The Gilded Age

period of gross materialism and blatant political corruption in U.S. history during the 1870s that gave rise to social and political criticism

Causes of Industrial Revolution

The Civil War influenced natural resources, technology, inventions, production output, assembly lines, mass productions, interchangeable parts, capital availability, labor availability, immigration, business leadership, and government policies

Monopolies - Andrew Carnegie (steel king)

he pioneer of vertical integration, he improved efficiency by ensuring reliable supplies, controlling product quality, and eliminating middlemen's fees. Despite being a monopolist, he opposed monopolistic trusts and philanthropy, advocating for moral responsibility in the "Gospel of Wealth”

Vertical Intergration

Working together to lessen prices, lessens them until other companies go bankrupt from lack of sales, and after all the competition is eliminated, they raise the prices dramatically, thus creating a monopoly, as they’re the only company consumers can buy from

Monopolies - John D. Rockefeller (oil baron)

Standard Oil pioneered horizontal integration, allying with competitors to monopolize markets. He created trusts to control rivals, cornering the world petroleum market. He showed little mercy, exploited spies, and claimed lord's money

Horizontal Intergration

Created a company with low prices and business increased gradually, then intimidates other companies and eventually buys them out, allowing their company to be the other company in said industry, making them a monopoly 

Monopolies - J. Pierpont Morgan (banker)

During the depression, he financed the reforging of businesses like railroads, insurance companies, and banks, believing money power was not dangerous, eventually buying out Carnegie

Horizontal vs. Vertical Intergration

Horizontal integration involves corporations acquiring companies in the same business line and supply level, while vertical integration involves companies acquired at different levels, typically at lower value chain levels

Unions

Strikes lead to labor force shortages, with replacement workers often joining the ranks. Companies use strategies like injunctions, press, lawyers, scabs, and blacklists to fight off unions. Union strategies include collective bargaining, "closed shop" conditions, and unions like Knights of Labor, AFL, and UAW. Examples include skilled vs. unskilled workers

“The Corn Planting” - Anderson

details the life of an elderly couple while their son is away in the big city while they continue to live in the countryside. However, when confronted with the death of their only son, the couple performs an action that is profound in many ways and perspectives. The theme is the putting of death down into the ground so that life might grow again

“Land” - Sinclair Lewis

Sydney grew up wanting to be a farmer but then his father forced him into dentistry instead so he could actually make a living. Sydney meets his wife there and they have children, but then his father dies and he inherits the farm. When he returns to his uncle running the farm, he wants to raise his kids there even though his wife didn’t. His uncle tells him not to do that to his kids (american dream)

Causes of the Great Depression

The economic crisis was characterized by an unbalanced distribution of wealth, high tariffs, overproduction, and the closure of banks, leading to a decline in people's confidence and job loss

President Hoover vs FDR

During the depression, President Hoover's hands-off approach to government, refusing direct assistance to citizens, funded banks and businesses, and prioritizing self-respect, led to public dissatisfaction and booing, affecting FDR's image

How did America feel about Hoover during the depression?

Americans disliked President Herbert Hoover's "laissez faire" ideals, resulting in a hands-off approach and feeling helpless during the depression. They favored more government intervention, as they believed in a more hands-on approach

Trickle down vs. Bubble up

Trickle down involves providing money to businesses to hire employees, while bubble up involves providing money to people to buy goods

The 3 R’s

Relief, Recovery, Reform. Relief involves immediate financial assistance, food, and job creation, recovery involves improvement, rebuilding banks, and reform focuses on security to prevent similar incidents from occurring again.

FDR’s Immediate Actions

The government took a hands-on approach, declared a bank holiday, closed banks, called congress into special session, passed 15 new deal measures, and started "Fireside Chats" to ease public minds, using conservational tone and explaining new deal actions

1st New Deal - Emergency Banking Relief Act

Recovery - amended the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 and provided for the reopening of banks after the four-day banking holiday and an examination of banks by the Department of the Treasury

1st New Deal - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Reform - insures deposits; examines and supervises financial institutions for safety, soundness, and consumer protection; makes large and complex financial institutions resolvable; and manages receiverships 

1st New Deal - Farm Credit Administration/Home Owners Loan Corporation

Relief - refinance home mortgages currently in default to prevent foreclosure, as well as to expand home buying opportunities

1st New Deal - Federal Emergency Relief Administration

Relief - a grant-making agency authorized to distribute federal aid to the states for relief

1st New Deal - Civil Works Administration

relief - created construction jobs, mainly improving or constructing buildings and bridges (got people to do less advanced work)

1st New Deal - Civilian Conservation Corps

Relief - provided relief to single men aged 18-25, enabling them to work on improving public lands, forests, and parks, providing meaningful employment and assisting families

1st New Deal - National Recovery Administration

Recovery - supervised fair trade codes and guaranteed laborers a right to collective bargaining (hoped to get companies and workers working together and some people forced to work less, distribution of work)

1st New Deal - Public Works Administration

Recovery - efforts led to large-scale public works like dams, bridges, hospitals, and schools to supply employment, stabilize buying power, and revive the economy

1st New Deal - Agricultural Adjustment Act

Relief - Farmers were offered subsidies in exchange for limiting their production of certain crops, reducing output and raising food taxes, and focusing on food processing, canaries, and meat packaging

1st New Deal - Tennessee Valley Authority

Reform - A public corporation was established to improve navigability and flood control of the Tennessee River, resulting in improved opportunities, jobs, and a better economy

Liberal vs. conservative

Liberal means they believed the government was not doing enough to address the issue at hand, however conservative means they believed the government was doing too much

Critics - Huey Long (liberal)

Adopted dictatorship. Originally supported the new deal, but eventually found things too conservative. Created the Share Our Wealth Society, which advocated for heavily taxing high incomes and using the money help homestead families, allow for free college education government storage of crops/control planting, and limit working hours

Critics - Father Coughlin (both)

 Originally supported the new deal, but he was critical of the plowing-under of crops and slaughtering animals. Later organized the National Union for Social Justice and began to compare the new deal to Hoover

Critics - Francis Townsed (liberal)

Challenged the new deal with an Old Age Revolving Pensions plan, which involved the government paying monthly pensions of $200 to all citizens over the age of 60, on condition that they spend the money in the same month they received it. Claimed this would aid the elderly and pump large amounts of purchasing power into the economy 

Critics - American Liberty League (conservative)

Business owners who had a lot of money and opposed the new deal. They thought it was going too far, and wanted to overthrow the workers working with the company. Felt the company should have all the control

Critics - Supreme Court (conservative)

Supreme Court Essen dismantled the new deal. Congress had unconditionally given legislative power to the executive branch, and later struck down the entire NRA

2nd New Deal - Fair Labor Standard Act

establishes minimum wage, overtime pay, recordkeeping, and youth employment standards affecting employees in the private sector and in Federal, State, and local governments