Artificial Intelligence

Turing Test

• Man and computer pretend to be human.

• Human interviewer has to determine which is real

The first forms of AI in the early 1950s was called 

Expert Systems (ES)

Who introduced the concept of the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and what was its purpose?

• Frank Rosenblatt

• It mimics how the neural system works in the human brain

What was the digital "perceptron" introduced by Rosenblatt capable of doing?

• it could detect images and identify objects

• such as distinguishing between men and women

What was Geoffrey Hinton's critique of Rosenblatt's Artificial Neural Network (ANN)?

Hinton argued that Rosenblatt’s ANN consisted of only one layer, whereas a proper neural network includes multiple layers

What period followed the development of the early Artificial Neural Networks due to limited computational power?

the “AI winter”

Weak AI

focused on a single task

strong AI

can complete all of the same tasks a human can

Superintelligent AI

capable of exceeding human capabilities to perform all tasks

What is Machine Learning?

an AI technique that gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed to do so.

What are the three main types of machine learning?

1. Supervised Learning

2. Unsupervised Learning

3. Reinforcement Learning

Supervised Learning

the algorithm is trained on labeled data, where the correct output is provided for each input.

Types:

1. regression

2. classification

What is Unsupervised Learning in machine learning?

searches for previously undetected patterns in a dataset without labels and supervision.

what is Reinforcement Learning (RL)?

a type of machine learning where an agent learns from trial and error

How does an RL agent receive feedback?

in the form of rewards or penalties

What is an artificial neural network?

A set of nodes that work in parallel to simulate the way the human brain works.

What are the key components of a neural network?

• Nodes

• connections between nodes

• weights

• and functions

What does a node consist of in a neural network?

• weighted inputs

• an activation function

• output connections

What is the role of an activation function in a neural network?

It determines whether a neuron should be activated (fire) based on the computed weighted sum.

How are nodes arranged in a neural network?

in several layers

What is the role of the input layer in a neural network?

Each node represents a feature from the input data

What is the function of the hidden layer in a neural network?

The hidden layer learns complex patterns by applying activation functions to transform inputs before passing them forward.

What does the output layer in a neural network do?

produces the final result or prediction

What is deep learning?

A subset of machine learning that enables the computation of multi-layer neural networks.

What are generative neural networks?

Neural networks that can generate new content such as text, images, videos, and voice.